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181032292TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014TABLEOFCONTENTS4TheJFTCGoingStrongasItCelebratesIts10thBirthday10DifferentlogicsUnderpinningtheCOPDSomeUsefulFoundationsToAdviceTheTADuringPhaseII16JFTCHostsJFCBrunssumTridentJoust14Exercise18InterviewwithCOMJFCBrunssum20Counter-TerrorismPoliciestheCosttotheWestPartII-GunpowderTreasonPlot292015CWIXIsPromisingtoBetheBiggestYet31CAXForum32LifeattheJFTC2014inRetrospect4 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December20143PublishingInstitutionJointForceTrainingCentreBydgoszczJFTCManagingdirectorBrigadierGeneralLszlSZABJFTCDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffChiefEditorMAJGoranPijetlovicJFTCPublicAffairsOfficerEditorialBoardMrs.KamilaSIERZPUTOWSKAPhDKazimierzWielkiUniversityPolandBGIng.JaromrZNAMSc.PhDDirectoroftheLogisticsAgencyArmyoftheCzechRepublicAdvisoryCommitteeMaj.JacekLASHMANNJFTCInformationManagerMs.RadosawaKUBICZEKPublicAffairsSpecialistMr.TomaszOCISKIJFTCLanguageSpecialistEditorialContactInformationPublicAffairsOfficeJointForceTrainingCentreul.Szubiska2Bydgoszcz85-915Poland.E-mailpaojftc.nato.intJFTC2012ISSN2084-8358TransformationThroughTrainingTheaimofthismagazineistoprovideaforumforexchangeofinformationandexpertiseamongtrain-ingandeducationalinstitutionsacrossNATOintheareaoftrainingmilitaryprofessionaleducationandrelatedtechnologicalsupport.InthecontextofTheNATOSmartDefenseapproachthereisgrow-ingimportanceforcooperationwithpartnerstatesandinternationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationstheEuropeanUniontheOrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropeandothers.WiththeaboveinmindtheJFTCinvitesauthorsfromcountriesandinstitutionsbeyondtheNATOenvi-ronmenttopublishintheTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine.Themagazinewillfocusonthebestpracticesintheareasofcommandandstafftrain-ingprofessionalmilitaryeducationsimulationsandsimulationtechnologiesdistributedtrainingmilitarytrainingdevelopmentaswellasotherrelatedareas.TheJFTCalsowelcomesrecommendationsfortheapplicationofthemostrecentexperienceandlessonslearnedfromongoingoperationstrainingeventsandrecentinnovationsinthefieldofsimulationsandinformationtechnologies.ThemagazinewillalsobrieflycoverthelifeoftheinternationalcommunityattheJFTCwiththeaimofpromotingthecentrewithinNATOandamongthepartnernations.ThemagazinewillbepublishedtwiceayearduringthespringandfallbytheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszcz.ThearticlespublishedinthismagazinerepresentopinionsoftheirauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpolicyofNATO.ScantheQRcodewithyourmobiledevice.ThiswilltakeyoutothearchiveofTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine. 4TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014TheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCcelebratedits10thAnniversaryalongwithhundredsofparticipantsandcitizensofBydgoszcz.DrillandceremonieswereconductedintheStareMiastooldmarketsquareandwerewatchedbylocalresi-dentsandauthorities.Festivitiescontin-uedintotheeveningwithapicniconMillIslandandaconcertforthecurrentandformerstaffmembersoftheJFTCtoincludemanyformercommandersanddirectors.Theeventswereheldon30Mayaftermetic-ulousplanningwiththecityauthorities.Thefactthat10yearsagoitwasdecidedthatBydgoszczwouldbecomethehomefortheJFTCwasnotacoincidence.Foranumberofyearsthecityshistoryandtraditionshavebeencloselyconnectedwiththearmy.BydgoszczwastheseatofthePomeranianMilitaryDistrictitisthehomeoftheInspectoratefortheArmedForcesSupportandherethe1stPomeranianLogisticBrigadeoperatesdynamicallyasdoseveralotherPolishArmyunitsandnowalsoNATO-saidBrigadierGeneralGrabowskitheJFTCCommanderattheBydgoszczOldMarketSquare.Relationsbetweenthecityandthearmyarestillcul-tivatedbutnowithasaglobaldimension.LieutenantGeneralMieczysawGocutheChiefofthePolishGeneralStaffwhoalsorepresentedthePolishMinisterofNationalDefenceMr.TomaszSiemoniakhighlightedtheimportanceofboththeNATOtrainingcentreandtheCityofBydgoszczBydgoszczistheplacewherethankstoadecadeoftheJFTCsactivitytheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationsideabasedonjointeffortofanumberofpeopleandsubjectscametrueandwasverifiedinpractice.Bydgoszczbecameaplaceofpromotingandbringingtoperfec-tiontheAlliancestrainingdoctrine.TheJointForceTrainingCentrerespondstotheneedsoftodaysandfutureworld.TheMayorofBydgoszczMr.RafaBruskithankedtheJFTCforgoodcoop-erationwiththeCityanditscitizensIamverygladthatthroughouttheyearsweweretogetherthatourcooperationespeciallythisdirectonewiththeJFTCCommanderswasmarkedwiththebestfriendlyrelationstheMayorsaidandaddedForustheJFTCpresenceinBydgoszczwasandwillbeveryimportant.Notonlybecauseofthehospitalitythatwasmentionedbefore.Wedoappreciateyouractivepresenceinthecityslife.Thankyouforyourreliablepresenceandcoopera-tioninmanyprojectswhichwereessentialforthecitythemilitaryonesbutalsoother-culturaleducationalandpatriotic.TheJFTCGoingStrongasItCelebratesIts10thBirthdayRadosawaKubiczekJFTCPublicAffairsSpecialist TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December20145 6TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014AfterhisspeechMayorofBydgoszczawardedtheJFTCwiththeMayorofBydgoszczMedal.TheawardwasreceivedbyGeneralGrabowski.IntheeveningduringameetingwiththeJFTCformerandcurrentstaffBrigadierGeneralDzintarsRogatheAlliedCommandTransformationAssistantChiefofStaffJointEducationTrainingandExercisewhorepre-sentedtheJFTCsuperiortheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationGeneralJean-PaulPalomrosaddressedtheaudienceandunder-liningthecentressignificanceinthepastreferredtoitsfuture.IfthereisonethingcertainabouttheJointForceTrainingCentresfutureitwillbetheneedtocontinuetoInnovateandTransform.TheConnectedForcesInitiativecarriesacomplexambitiousbutachievablefutureexerciseprogrammesupportedbythebetteruseofouravailabletechnologyandintegrationofnewinformationtechnology.OurclearaimremainstoprovidetheAlliancewithReadyandInteroperableforcesandwehavefullconfidenceintheJointForceTrainingCentresprovenabilitytomeetthisaimandprovidehighqualityandfullspectrumtrainingthroughcredibleexercisessaidGeneralRoga.TheJFTC10thanniversarycelebra-tionslastedforthewholeday.TheywerelaunchedwiththeVIPprogrammeatthecentresfacilitythenmovedtotheBydgoszczOldMarketSquarewhereallcitizenswereinvitedtoparticipateintheceremonyandtoadmirethemilitaryparadeandperformanc-esofPolishandGermandrillteams.AftertheofficialceremonytheJFTCCommanderinvitedallparticipantstomovetothebeauti-fulBydgoszczMillIslandwheretraditionalPolishmilitarypeasoupwasservedandinJFTCandnationaltentspeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutNATOandthecentreitselfallthatwasaccompaniedbyaconcertofaMilitaryOrchestrafromToruandmilitarysingers.ItwasthefirsttimewhentheJFTCopenedsowidelytothepublicandorganizedanimportantceremonyoutsideitscompound.TheofficialpartoftheceremonyintheOldMarketSquareendedwithwreathlayingattheMartyrdomMemorial.ThewreathlaidbythePolishChiefofGeneralStafftheJFTCCommandertheMayorofBydgoszczandFrenchandGermanSeniorNationalRepresentativescommem-oratedvictimsoftheSecondWorldWar.IntheeveningtheJFTCstaffhadachancetospendsometimewitholdfriendswhoservedinBydgoszczinthepast.TheyalllistenedtoafantasticperformanceoftheRepresentativeArtisticEnsembleofthePolishArmedForces.ApartfromtheChiefofthePolishGeneralStafftheAlliedCommandTransformationAssistantChiefofStaffJointEducationTrainingandExerciseandtheMayorofBydgoszczalsomanyspecialandhonouredguestswereonhandtocelebratetheoccasiontoincludeHisExcellencyJakubKarfiktheAmbassadoroftheCzechRepublictotheRepublicofPolandSenatorJanRulewskiMrs.EwaMestheVoivodeofKujawsko-PomorskieProvinceMrs.DorotaJakutatheChairpersonoftheRegionalParliamentLieutenantGeneralEdwardGruszkatheChiefofthePolishArmedForcesSupportInspectorateaswellasformerJFTCDirectorsandCommandersDeputyDirectorsandDeputyCommandersincludingMajorGeneralret.PeterKuhnelMajorGeneralAgnerRokosMajorGeneralPavelMackoBrigadierGeneralret.RyszardWiniewskiRear-AdmiralStanisawZarychtaandBrigadierGeneralJaromirZuna. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December20147TheJFTCGoingStrongasItCelebratesIts10thBirthday 8TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December20149TheJFTCGoingStrongasItCelebratesIts10thBirthday 110TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014TheBI-SC75-3statesthattheTrainingTeamprovidesstafflevelmentoringtotheTrainingAudienceinfunctionalareas2.WhatismentoringasreferredtoPhaseIICrisisResponsePlanningoftheNATOExerciseTrainingModelWhatarethegroundsforadvisoryworktoaddvaluetotheplanningpro-cessthatistakingplaceattheheadquartersAftermorethantwoyearsworkingasG5J5oftheJFTCTrainingTeamthathasbeenembeddedindifferentHQsoftheNCSNFSfortheNRFseriesofexercisesandforLANDCOMpreparationtotaketheLCCroleduringaMJOIhavearrivedattheconclu-sionthatitisnecessarytounderstanddiffer-entlogicsthatsupportanyoperationsplan-ningprocess.Thereasonisthatwhentheselogicsarenotunravelledandthementoringactivityisreducedtoamatterofdescrib-ingCOPDstepsandatbesttointerrelatewitheachotherthenTrainingTeamworkmayreinforcewhatU.S.GeneralJamesN.Mattisdefinedasover-proceduralization.InhisvisionaboutOperationalDesignhestatesthatstaffshavebeenseentoooftenapplyplanningprocessesmechanisticallyasifprogressingthroughasequenceofplan-ningstepswouldproduceasolutionOver-proceduralizationinhibitsthecom-mandersandstaffscriticalthinkingandcreativitywhichareessentialtofindingatimelysolutiontocomplexproblems3.SotopreventtheuseofCOPDbecom-ingasortofthatmythologicalbeliefasifprogressingthroughasequenceofplanningstepswouldproduceasolutionandfortheTrainingTeamtobeabletoadvisesomethingthatwillbemorethanjustwhatthenextstepintheprocessshouldbe.IthereforebelievethatallTrainingObserversshouldknowandunderstandthedifferentlogicsunder-pinninganyoperationalplanningprocess.BeforestartingletmeunderlinethebasicpointWhatdoesthetermlogicmeanwhenconsideredasthebasisofaplanningprocessItisaspecificwayofseeingacompletesituationoraspecificaspectonceweareengagedinit.Thatlogicconsistsofintellectualprocessesandcogni-tivewaysthatourmindusestointeractwithmaterialfactsemergingfromthataspectorsituation.Althoughitisquiteobviousitisworthstressingthatnotonlydoesanylogicunderpinthedevelopmentofaplanbutalltheprocessesofitseffectivematerialization.TherearedifferentlogicsbecausetherearedifferentkindsofcomplexityandeachMAJPedroValdsGuaJFTCTrainingDivisionDifferentlogicsUnderpinningtheCOPDSomeUsefulFoundationsToAdviceTheTADuringPhaseIIPhotoCourtesyofSpanishArmy TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201411kindofcomplexityrequiresaspecificlogictodealwithit.Thisisclearwhenwelookatsomeofthemostprominentcontemporarymilitarythinkers.MostofthemagreewithClausewitzonthesystemicnatureofwarfareallpartsofthewholeareintertwined4anditscomplexcharacterBonaparterightlysaidthatmanyofthedecisionsfacedbythecommander-in-chiefresemblemathematicalproblemsworthyofthegiftsofaNewtonoranEuler5howevertheyinterpretthiscom-plexitydifferentlyandbasedonthatunder-standingdevelopvariouslogictoguidetheconductofoperationswithinthatframework.Ithinkallsuchinterpretationscanbegroupedintothreecategoriespendingontheopinionthatsuchcomplexityisbasedonstructuralinteractiveorchaoticcharacterofreality.Takingthosethreekindsofcomplex-ityintoaccountIwillpostulatethatmostofthecontemporarymilitarythoughtcanbegroupedaroundthreelogicsoutcomelogicassociatedtothestructuralcomplex-itydialecticlogiclinkedtotheinteractivecomplexityanddesignlogicthatisbehindthewaysofthinkingassociatedtothechaoticcomplexity.InthefollowinglinesIwillintro-ducetheselogicsthroughamixtureofbrieftheoreticalnotesandhistoricalexamples.IamawarethateachoftheselogicshasbeenhistoricallypresentedasaclosedandcompletetheoryfortheconductofoperationsbutIamconvincedthatmostofoperationalproblemsdemandabal-anceduseofthesethreelogics.Thereforemyproposalisthatunderstandingthatbalancewithaclearviewofwhatlogicshouldbestressedineachmomentisakeyelementtoprovidestafflevelmentor-ingduringtheCrisisResponsePlanning.OutcomeLogicIwillstartwiththelogicthathasbeendevelopedtoconductoperationsinthetheatrethatisconsideredcomplexforstructuralrea-sonsandwheretheobjectivesareidentifiedwithspecificchangesinthatstructure.Whenwhatisatissueistomodifyastructurethismodificationsetsthemodeandcontentofthewaytheoperationsareconducted.Fromastructuralpointofviewtheoutcomecon-figurestheprocessesandthesuccessdependsonlyontheoptimizationoftheseprocesses.Theoutcomecansetthemodeandcontentoftheconductofoperationstotheextentthatthestructuralconceptionofthecomplexityprovidesacleardescrip-tionoftheproblemstosolveandalsomakesitpossibletoestablishaclearasso-ciationbetweenthemeanstobeusedandthepurposestobeachieved.Itisthereforeastaticlogicthatisnotintendedfordrivinganyinnovationastheobjectivestoachievepredetermineprocessestobeusedanditcomesdowntohowtomaximizetheeffec-tivenessandefficiencyoftheseprocesses.TofindtheoriginsofthislogicwemustgobacktotheSecondWorldWarwhereagrowingbodyofBritishandU.S.militaryplannersappliedadvancedanalyticalmeth-odstohelpmakebetterdecisions.Throughtheemploymentofmathematicaltoolssuchasmathematicalmodelingstatisticalanaly-sisandmathematicaloptimizationtheytriedtoarriveatoptimalornear-optimalsolutionstocomplexdecision-makingproblemsespe-ciallyrelatedtothefieldoftheaerialwarfare6.Thisoutcomelogicevolveddiffer-entlyaccordingtotheanalogyusedtocon-ceivethestructuralcomplexitywhethertheanalogyofthemachinewhichisattheoriginofOperationalResearchandSystemImagesourcehttpwww.defence.gov.aunewsraafnewseditions4802featuresfeature01.htm PhotoCourtesyofSpanishArmy12TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014AnalysisproceduresusedbyMcNamarateamduringtheVietnamWarorthebiologi-calanalogywhichunderpinstheconceptualdevelopmentsoftheOODAlooppostu-latedbyJohnBoydandthefiveringsandparallelattacktheoryofJohnWarden.LastdecadeshavepostulatedRevolutioninMilitaryAffairsandMilitaryTransformationtheoriessuchasEffectsBasedOperationsandNetworkCentricWarfarethatweretheresultofacombina-tionofdifferentaspectsofthesetwoanalo-giesthatsupporttherationaleappliedtothestructuralcomplexity.Thecommonintentofallthosetheorieswastoreplacetradi-tionaluncertaintythathascharacterizedtheconductofthewarbyanaccurateunder-standingandcontrolofthesituationthateradicateanyrandomnessandallowsapre-ciseuseofforcetoachievedesiredeffects7.DialecticLogicIwillcontinuewiththelogicconceivedtoconductoperationsinthetheatrethatisconsideredcomplexforthedynamicinterac-tionstakingplaceduringconfrontationoftwosystems.Thesedynamicinteractionsinternaltoeachsystemandbetweenconfrontedsys-temsproduceresultsthatareinexplicablefromthecharacteristicparametersofalinearlogicwhichstainedthewarlikeatmosphereofunpredictabilityandgeneratetensionsthatarethedrivingforceoftheoperationaldynamics.InthiscontextdialecticlogicisintendedtoproduceabettersynthesisabletocopewiththosetensionsandopenedtoCoverofAirCampaignPlanningforCombatWardenJohnA.IIIPublisherBrasseysInc1999.ISBN100028810031ISBN139780028810034Mapsourcehttpwww.usma.eduhistorySiteAssetsSitePagesWorld20War20II20EuropeWWIIEurope72.gifPhotoCourtesyofSpanishAirForce TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201413frictionandchanceasthetwofundamen-talmanifestationsofthatunpredictability.Inthisregarddialecticlogicisapro-cessusedtoovercometensionssuchasthosebetweentheoperationalcommanderinten-tionandthetacticalcommandersadherencetothemissionstheyhavebeenassignedorbetweenthepositiveaspectofouraimandthenegativeoneoffrustratingtherivalsefforttobringdefeatuponus8.Aprocesstoovercomebasednotonforcingwarintooneofthosepolesbutonproducingabet-tersynthesiswherebothpolesresultinte-gratedinamanoeuvrethattakesadvantageofthedisproportionateeffectsorunpredict-ablesituationsgeneratedbynon-linearities.Thisbettersynthesisisanall-encompassingoroverallresultthatgoesbeyondwhatcouldbeexpectedfromthesumofitsparts.Itisreflectedinaspectssuchascombinedarmscombatamalgama-tionofthevariousformsofwarfareoffensiveanddefensivecloseanddeepoperationsetc.theinteractionbetweenattritionandmanoeuvreortheoperationalmomentum9.Thefirstmanifestationsofthisdialec-ticlogicwereconceivedbySovietmilitarythinkersasaresultofanalysingtheirexperi-enceduringtheRussiancivilconfrontationawarofwidespacesandboldmanoeuversfromtheperspectiveoftheMarxistrevolu-tionthatontheonehandlinkeddeeppen-etrationwithenemydislocationandpoliticalsubversionontheotherproposeddialecticasthesupremelawofhistoricalprogress10.Thisanalysisresultedinasystemicandnon-linearconceptionofwarthatwasnamedoperationalart.Thistermwasintroducedin1923byaSovietGeneralandthinkerAleksandrSvechininaseriesoflecturesgivenatthenewlyfoundedSovietGeneralStaffAcademy11.Hedefineditasthetotalityofmanoeuversandbattlesinagivenpartofatheatreofmilitaryactiondirectedtowardtheachievementofacommongoalsetasfinalinthegivenperiodofthecampaign12.AlthoughStalinpurgeof1937-1938eliminatedagenerationofoperationalofficerswhohadformulatedthetheoriesofdeepbattleanddeepoperation13operationalartbecameagainacriticaltopicintheSovietstudyofwarinthelate1960s14.ParadoxicallyontheothersideoftheIronCurtainAmericanthinkersweregraduallyrediscoveringthislogicduringtheintellectualcrisisthatfol-lowedtheVietnamWaranditwasfinallyestablishedasthefoundationoftheU.S.militarydoctrineatthebeginningofthe1980sunderthenameofAir-LandBattle15.Itiseasytounderstandthegapthatseparatesthislogicfromtheoutcomeone.Meanwhiledialecticlogicisalogicoftensionandambiguityasatangledynamicsbetweencontrariesandofcontemplativecharacterasanattitudetoconfrontarealitydrivenbyfric-tionuncertaintyanddissymmetryoutcomelogicisalogicofdeductionsandcertaintiesthatvisualizesthemilitarysituationasasystemofsystemsandconsidersthatactingagainstaphysicalpartoftheenemysystemdesiredeffectsinthedomainofhumanactivitycanbeachieved.Theyassumethatallelementsofthesituationcansomehowbepreciselydeterminedandnomistakeswillbemade.Theenemyisessentiallypassiveandwillbehaveinawaythatwillensurefriendlysuccess16.DesignLogicLastlyIwillgivesomenotesonthedesignlogicthathasbeenadoptedintheefforttoconductoperationsinchaoticsitua-tionstypicaloffailedornon-existentstateswhereitisnoteasytoidentifytheenemyandwherethefightgoesonamongstthepeopleatermintroducedbyaBritishGeneralRupertSmithtorefertothosewarsinwhichthepeopleinthestreetsandhousesandfieldsallthepeopleanywherearethebattlefield17.Thislogicisbasedfirstonthedevel-opmentofrepresentationsofthatchaoticcom-plexitywhicharecalleddesignsasabasisthatmakesitpossibletoagreeoncoursesofactionwhiletheothertheidealandprecari-ousnatureofsuchrepresentationsisassumedsotheplanningcellisconstantlyworkinginitsreformulationsuchawaythatdecisionsremainrelevantinrelationtowhatthesituationdemands.Thisdynamicsismaterializedinaprocessofframingandreframingwherefram-ingmeansbuildingaperspectivefromwhichanamorphousill-definedproblematicsitua-tioncanbemadesenseofandactedupon18.Andreframingshiftsattentionfromtryingtosolvethecurrentproblemrighttoaskingwhethertherightproblemisbeingsolved19.InshortdesignisalogicthatproposesaprudentuseofthenotionofsystemwhilePhotosCourtesyofMiguelRuizdelArbolMoro 14TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014referringtohumanrealitiesstressingrefram-ingasaresultofadeeperunderstanding.Thisprudentuseofthenotionofsystemrestsontheinherentpotentialofthesituationwhichhasbeencalledtheontologicalapproach20tryingmoretocapitalizeonthepropensityofthesituationthantoimposeourwillbasedonourpowertoproduceaneffect.Insteadoftheimpositionofapreconceivedideadesigntriestotakeadvantageofsuchcondi-tionstoderivetheneededeffectsforsuccess.ThislogicwasproposedbyAmericanurbanplannersofthe1960s.Theycastdoubtontheabilityofcentralizedplannerstocre-atedetailedtop-downplansforbigcitiesthatpresentsituationsinwhichahalf-dozenorevenseveraldozenquantitiesareallvary-ingsimultaneouslyandinsubtlyintercon-nectedways21.Thedrivingforcebehindthisurbantheorywasitsrejectionoftheconceptoftheenlightenedcentralplannerbecausehisabilitytopossessalltherelevantinformationisamyth.Soonextendedtootherareasthepointwashowtoembraceamorerealisticwayofviewingandinfluenc-ingsocialworldanddesigntheoristspro-posedaniterativelearningparadigmbasedoncriticalthinkingontologyandcreativity.ThisdesignorinnovativelogiclandedinthemilitaryduringthefirstdecadeofXXIcenturyinterferingwiththeothertwologicstheoutcomelogicwhoseparadigminforceatthattimetheEBOseemedover-whelmedbytheAfghanandtheIraqichaosandtheoperationallogicthatmanycriticizedforitsconventionalcharacterunabletoplanandconductmilitaryoperationsamongstthepeople.Infactin2009allthoseeventsledGeneralJamesN.Mattistoexpresshiscon-cernsayingourcurrentdoctrinalapproachtofosteringclearcarefulthinkingandcreativityparticularlyearlyindesignandplanningisinsufficientandineffective22andtoconcludetheurgentneedtoimprovecommandersabilitiestothinkdeeplyaboutthefundamen-talnatureofacomplexmilitaryproblemtodesignabroadapproachtoachievingobjec-tivesandaccomplishingthemissionandtodetermineifwhenandhowtochangethatapproachwhencircumstanceschange23.ConclusionsObviouslymuchmorespacewouldbeneededtodescribealbeitbrieflyfundamen-talsofthesethreelogicsthatinawayareacompendiumofmostofthecontemporarymilitarythinking.Iwouldhoweverempha-sizeinconclusionafundamentalaspectthatIanticipatedwhenreferringtothemeaningoflogiceachlogichasitsownintellec-tualprocessesanditsowncognitiveways.Sowhiletheoutcomelogicgeneratesanalyticalwaysofthinkingmainlybasedondeductiveprocessesdialecticallogicreliesoninduc-tivewaysofthinkingfocusedonprocessesofsynthesisanddesignlogicemploysholisticandcreativethinkingwithastrongtemporal TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201415componentintermsofpreferenceforanapproachmorehistoricalthandescriptive.Inthiscontextitisworthtounderlinethatmeanwhileamindisusingdeductivewaysitisexcludinginductiveonesthatwhenwechooseananalyticalapproachwerejectaholisticoneandsoon.ForexamplemostofthetimesoutcomelogicisthepreferredonetoaccomplishtheFactorAnalysisduringPhase3Aoftheplanningprocess.Itispre-ferredbecauseanalysisanddeductioneasilymatchtheFactorDeductionConclusionprocessthatisproposedinCOPD.HoweverthecoreoftheJOPGshouldrememberthatinformationisnotknowledgeandthatknowledgeonlyincreaseswhenacorrela-tionbetweendataisestablished.Moreovermanytimesthedatacannotbeconsideredseparatelybecausewhenitisconsideredseparatelyitisnolongerunderstandable.InthisregardaFactorAnalysismayrequireasignificantportionofdesignlogicandaspecificteamshouldbetailoredtoapplyholisticthinkingandtoconsiderthehistori-calevolutionofmanyofthosefactors.Thiswouldavoidthedangerofsomeconclusionsthatintheirisolatedrationalperfectionhidetrueicebergsthatcanderailtheprocess.ContinuingtheaboveexampletheabuseoftheoutcomelogiccanbestillworsewhenCentreofGravityAnalysisisbuiltontheexclusivebasisofafragmentedFactorAnalysisasiftheCentreofGravityweretheripefruitthatemergesfromtheCriticalCapabilitiesCriticalRequirementsandCriticalVulnerabilitiesidentifiedascon-clusionsofthatanalyticanddeductivepro-cess.Thenoneoftheprivilegespacesfortheapplicationofthedialecticlogicissacrificedtotheoutcomeoneandtheidentificationofthathubofallpowerandmovementonwhicheverythingdepends24restondeductiveinsteadofinductivewayofreasoningviolatingtheindivisiblenatureofthewarwhenlookingforadecisiveoutcome25thatultimatelyjusti-fiestheexistenceofanyCentreofGravity.Thelistofexamplescouldbemuchlongerandmostofthemarereferredtothenaturalattractionoftheoutcomelogic.ThisisreasonablebecauseitsstructuraloriginanditsanalyticalimplementationmakeiteasytodivideanyjobintoseveralpartsabasicneedofanyJOGPandalsoprovidestheillusionofmathematicalcertaintiestobepresentedtothecommander.Thentocontinuethepreviousexampletheoperationsdesignisnottheresultofcreativeandholisticthink-ingwithastronghistoricalfootprintbutacollectionofdecisiveconditionsobtainedinthatanalyticalprocessandthecoursesofactiondevelopmentevenwhenweareexercisingconventionalwarfarecanreplacedialecticallogicforthedistributionofthosedecisiveconditionsalongtimeandspaceasifaCOAwereasortoftargetingprocessdistributedgeographicallyandtemporally.Finallynotonlydotheplanningandconductofoperationsrequireaddressingawiderangeofveryheterogeneousproblemsthatdemandtheuseofeitherlogicasappro-priatebutalsothereisalwaysaparentlogicthatactsasaguidingthread.Thatletsiden-tifythewholebusinessofwarcompletelywithhimself26thataccordingtoClausewitzprovidesthefreedomtodominateeventsandnotbedominatedbythem27.TheabilityofaTrainingObservertoidentifytherightlogictoeachoftheCOPDprocessesandespeciallyfortheG5J5TrainingObservertheparentlogicthatshouldguidethewholeprocesscon-stitutesaprerequisiteforacoherentTTworkthataddsvaluetothejobofanyJOPG.1ComprehensiveOperationsPlanningDirectiveissuedbyAlliedCommandOperationstoarticulatetheoperationsplanningprocessfortheNATOstrategicandoperationallevels.2BI-SC75-3p.A-36.3MATTISJamesN.MemorandumforU.S.JointForcesCommand.VisionforaJointApproachtoOperationalDesignNorfolkOctober2009.4Sincewarcontainsahostofinteractionssincethewholeseriesofengagementsisstrictlyspeak-inglinkedtogetherWithintheconceptofabsolutewarthenwarisindivisibleanditscom-ponentpartsareofvalueonlyintherelationwiththewholeCLAUSEWITZCarlVon.OnwarPrincetonUniversityPressNewJersey1984p.5825CLAUSEWITZCarlVonop.cit.p.112.6Alltheseresearchesmadesignificantcontribu-tionstowinningthewaraswellastodevelop-ingthemethodologyofoperationsresearchSHRADERCharlesR.HistoryofOperationsResearchintheUnitedStatesArmyV.IOfficeofthedeputyundersecretaryoftheArmyforOperationsResearchUnitedStatesArmyWashington-D.C.2006p.12.7wemustdevelopanewconceptualframeworkforoperations.Thebasisforthisframe-workisfoundintheimprovedcommandcontrolandintelligencewhichcanbeassuredbyinforma-tionsuperiority.Thesearethemoststraightforwardapplicationsofmuchofthenewtechnologyhoweverthefullimpactofthesetechnologiesismoreprofound.EnhancedcommandandcontrolandmuchimprovedintelligencealongwithotherapplicationsofnewtechnologywilltransformthetraditionalfunctionsofmaneuverstrikeprotectionandlogisticsU.S.JOINTCHIEFSOFSTAFFJointVision20101996p.19.8Cf.NAVEHSimon.InPursuitofMilitaryExcellence.TheevolutionofOperationalTheoryFrankCassNewYork1997p.15.9Cf.NAVEHSimon.op.cit.p.233.10Cf.KIPPJacobW.MassMobilityAndTheRedArmysRoadToOperationalArt1918-1936SovietArmyStudiesOfficeFortLeavenworth-KS1988.11FRANKWillardandGILLETEPhilipS.SovietMilitaryDoctrinefromLenintoGorbachev1915-1991GreenwoodPressWestport-CT1992p.88.12SVECHINAleksandrA.StrategyEastViewPublicationsMinneapolis-MN1992p.38.13Cf.GLANTZDavidM.SovietMilitaryOperationalArt.InpursuitofDeepBattleFrankCassNewYork1991p.25.14Cf.Ibdemp.13.15USDepartmentoftheArmyFM100-5Operations1982and1986.16VEGOMilanN.SystemversusClassicalApproachtoWarfareJFQissue521stquarter2009p.42.17SMITHRupertTheUtilityofForceAlfredA.KnoffNewYork2007p.3.18BANACHStefanJ.TheArtofDesignadesignmethodologyMilitaryReviewMarch-April2009p.107.19BANACHStefanJop.cit.p.107.20Cf.ZWEIBELSONBen.ToDesignornottoDesignSmallWarsJournal2011.21JACOBJane.TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitiesVintageBooksNewYork1992p.433.22MATTISJamesNop.cit.23Ibdem.24CLAUSEWITZCarlVonop.cit.p.595.25Cf.CLAUSEWITZCarlVonop.cit.BookVIIICh.3.A.InterdependenceoftheElementsofWar.26CLAUSEWITZCarlVonop.cit.p.578.27Ibdemp.578. 16TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014JFTCwasoriginallyestablishedin2004asaTrainingCentretaskedtoplanconductandsupporttheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationNATOCommandStructureNATOForceStructureNCSNFSexercises.HoweverduetotherequirementsofcurrentNATOoperationsprimarilyinAfghanistantheJFTChadtofocusonISAForientedtrainingsforseveralyears.DespitebeingmainlyengagedinISAFrelatedtrainingscurrentopstheJFTChasgraduallybeenshiftingitsfocustowardsitsoriginalmissionbecausetheoperationinAfghanistanisslowlycomingtoanend.InthepasttheCentrehasprovidedsupporttodiffer-enttrainingsorexercisesintermsofEXCONaugmentationtrainingteamssimulationsmodelingFunctionalAreaServicesprovidinglocalizationReallifeSupportCommunicationsinfrastructureetc.ThelistoftrainingsincludesLANDCOMBattleStaffTrainingBSTLOYALBONUSPolishSpecialOpsCommandBSTSALWATORandNATOResponseForceNRFCertificationExerciseNOBLESWORDetc.Furthermorethecur-rentpoliticalandmilitarydevelopmentstakingplaceclosetothebordersofNATOcountriesespeciallyeastofPolandhavealsocontributedtotheneedforshiftingthefocusorreviewingthealreadyexistingpriorities.ThebearingofTRIDENTJOUST14TRJT14byJointForceCommandBrunssumJFCBSemanatedthroughthiscriticaltimeperiod.TheTRJT14wasanAlliedCommandTransformationACTsponsoredBattleStaffTrainingCommandPostExerciseBSTCPXconductedinordertomeetthepreviouslyestab-lishedexerciseaims-trainJFCBScommandandcontroloverNRF2014-providecontinuationtrainingforJFCBrunssuminordertomaintainrequiredlevelofproficiencyaftercertificationastheJointTaskForceHeadquartersJTFHQprovidingCommandandControltoNRF2014-trainJFCBSabilitytofunctionasadeployedJTFHQandplanandconductoperationsinacollectivedefensecontext-integratenewJFCBSHQStaffmembersTheTRJT14exercisewasthenexthugestepforJFCBSonitswaytoreachFullOperationalCapabilityFOCasaJTFHQinDecember2015.InitialOperationalCapabilityIOCwasreachedaftertheexerciseSTEADFASTJAZZ13SFJZ13whichwasanAlliedCommandOperationACOsponsoredcertificationexerciseconductedinordertotrainexerciseandevaluateJFCBSLTCCezaryHaracewiatJFTCTrainingDivisionLTCSureyyaArdicJFTCTrainingDivisionJFTCHostsJFCBrunssumTridentJoust14Exercise TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201417capabilitytocommandandcontrolNRF2014.WhileperformingTRJT14theexerciseparticipantstriedtoachievethefollowingexer-ciseobjectives-settingconditionsinordertosustainandimprovethecertificationlevelreachedafterSFJZ13andtocommandandcontrolamultinationaljointforcewithemphasisonstabilizationdeterrenceandcomprehensiveapproach-confirmingtheabilitytofunctionasadeployedJFTHQandJointLogisticSupportGroupHeadquartersJLSGHQ-practicingclosecooperationcoordinationandliaisonwithHostNationsHNandlocalauthoritiesaswellasInternationalandNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsIONGOswithinthecontextofNATOscon-tributiontoaComprehensiveApproachCA-operatinginacollectivedefenseopera-tionwithinacomplexmilitarycivilianandasymmetricalenvironmentincludingmodernwarfare-developingproficiencyonnon-kineticactivitieswithpotentialforasymmetricwarfare-practicingandimprovinginteroperabil-itywithpartnersparticipatingasaugmenteeswithinthecontextofco-operativesecuritywhichisdefinedasoneofNATOsthreecoretasks.AsfarasthegeostrategicsituationisconcernedtheadaptedSKOLKANscenariomoduleswereusedfortheexercise.Inordertoensurereadinessofthefacili-tiesbeforethecommencementoftheexercisetheadvancepartyconsistingoftheOfficerConductingExerciseOCEtheOfficerofPrimaryResponsibilityOPRdeputyOPRandothercriticalpersonnelofJFCBSarrivedattheJFTCon9October2014.ThisgroupofpeopleinclosecooperationwiththeJFTCkeyexercisesupportingpersonnelinclud-ingtheOPRLTCCezaryHaracewiattheDeputyOPRLTCSureyyaArdicRLScoor-dinatorMs.MagdalenaRydygierProtocolCoordinatorMs.MariaKowalskaCIScoor-dinatorsMAJDariuszKorpalskiMr.TomaszPankauandMr.BogdanStachnikrepresent-ingNCIASOBaswellastheotheressentialpersonnelrelatedtoCISRealLifeProtocolsupportworkingtogetherforacoupleofdaysdefeatedalltheemergingtroublessolvedallthedoubtsandmadefacilitysystemsequipmentandpersonnelreadytolaunchtheTrainingEventofTRJT14.ThemainbodyoftheexercisearrivedinBydgoszczon13Octoberintwopartiesandcompletedtheirin-processingonthesameday.Thesepersonnelreceivedtheirwelcomebrief-ingfromtheJFTCandJFCBSrepresentativesintermsofRLSSecurityandlegalissueson13and14October2014.TheJFTCDCOMCOSalongwithJFCBSDCOSOPSwelcomedtheTrainingAudiencewithaspeechon14OctoberTheparticipantshadanice-breakerhappeningoneveningof14October.Approximately400individualsfrom23countriesparticipatedintheexercise.ItwasdirectedbyJFCBSDCOSPlans.TwosenioradvisorsprovidedsignificantcontributiontotheconductofTRJT14.Since17OctoberGeneralDomrseCommanderJFCBSpartici-patedintheTEasthecommanderofPrimaryTrainingAudiencePTA.DuringcertainpartoftheexerciseaCrisisActionTeamCATwasactivatedtopreparedecisionpointsforCOMJTFHQfortheeveningactivity.DuetoVideoTeleConferenceVTCcapabilitiesPTAcouldeffectivelycooperateremotelywiththeirlogisticpartJLSGactivatedandlocatedinCastelgateGermany.TheJFTCsmainresponsibilitywastofacilitatetheexercisebyprovidingitsfacili-tiesCISinfrastructureequipmentpersonnelandourexperienceCISRLSProtocoletc..FurthermoretheJFTCtookadvantageofthisuniqueopportunityandplacedsomeofitsnewcomersinEXCONsupportingMELMILChiefandEventManagersinashadowingrole.Bydoingsothenewcomershadagreatopportunitytolearnabouttheconductofanexercisewithrealapplicationandgainexperi-enceprimarilyintheareaofEXCONworkandstructureaswellasininformationflowandexercisecontrolprocessandgetreadytotakesimilartaskswithintheupcomingexercises.TRJT14wasexecutedasscheduledbetween13and23October2014.ItwasahugesuccessandexperienceforbothsidestheJFCBSachieveditsexerciseobjectiveswhereastheJFTChadanopportunitytoshowonceagainitsreadinesstofacilitatesuchbigexercisesastheirhost.MoreovertheJFTCnewcomerstookadvantageofthisvitalexer-ciseandgainedfruitfulexperiencebyobserv-ingEXCON.MajorMarcSijsmanstheOPRofTRJT14fromJFCBSstatedattheendoftheexer-ciseTheExercisewasconductedasplannedandreacheditsaimsandobjectivesasdepict-edintheExerciseSpecificationEXSPECandtheExercisePlanEXPLAN.TheTEofferedaforumforJFCBSnewcomerstotraintheircompetencesintheirdifferentrolesinadeployedJTFHQandforallparticipantswasagoodpreparationfornextyearscertifica-tionexerciseTRIDENTJUNCTURE15.WethankverymuchtotheJFTCforthegoodcoordinationpriortoTRJT14anditsoutstand-ingsupportduringourTE.Theclosingceremonywasheldon23OctoberJFCBSCommanderGeneralDomrsethankedtheparticipantsoftheexercisefortheirhardworkandtheJFTCforitshospitalityandsupport.HealsoawardedsomekeypersonnelwiththeCommanderscoinfortheiroutstand-ingperformanceduringtheTrainingEvent.PhotosAlliedJointCommandBrunssumandJointForceTrainingCentre 18TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014AlliedJointForceCommandBrunssumhasjustexecutedthemaintrainingeventforthisyearsNATOResponseForceHeadquartersresponsibilityExerciseTridentJoust2014TRJT14.400personnelfromtheHQdeployedtotheJointForceTrainingCentreBydgoszczPolandforintensive11daysoftraining.Youweretherewithyourstaff.NowthatyouhavehadtimetoreflectontheeventwhatareyourfirstimpressionsWerethegoalsachievedImverysatisfiedweachievedourgoals.ThiscanbeattributedtomystaffallofwhomwerethoroughlypreparedandabletoworkextendedhoursthroughouttheexerciseandtothefantasticsupportandimpressivefacilitiesofferedbytheJFTC.Ahungryaudienceencounteredafacil-itythatmatcheditsappetiteaperfectcombination.TheAlliancefacesnewchallengesandneedstobereadytorespondtothenewreality.HasthepreparationphaseoftheTRJT2014differedfromthoseofprevioustrainingeventsHowhasJFCBrunssumadjustedthetrainingprocesstotheevolvingsituationYesobviouslyTheincidentsinIraqISandUkrainewereverywellobservedandwerecoveredintheexercisewhereappro-priate.Asalwaysmilitarypersonnelareusedtoconstantchangeandevolution.Inthiscaseweadaptedourgoalsandneedstothepresent-dayrealitywhichisourmasterdriver.ForexamplewehadmoreIOsGOsandNGOsparticipatinginourexerciseandourplanistoincreasethesenumbersforsubsequentexercisesasweexecuteanevermorecomprehensiveapproach.Themilitarynolongeroper-atesonitsownwithinsingularenviron-mentwehavetotakebroaderfactorsintoaccountthatrequireustoengagewithalargernumberofstakeholdersandatthesametimeitisessentialthatwetakestepstocounteremergingthreatssuchasthoseassociatedwiththecyberdomainandthe-atreballisticmissiledefense.ExerciseTRJT2014wasbasedonafictitiousscenariowithArticleVopera-tionintheBalticSearegioninEstonia.Estoniawasliberated.HowdoyouassessNATOreadinesstofulfillitsobligationsrelatedtoarticleVoftheWashingtonTreatyAstheOfficerresponsibleforNRF2014IcanassureyouthatNATOandspe-cificallytheNRFisreadytofaceanysecuritychallenge.TheNRFisatthecoreoftheConnectedForcesInitiativewhichaimsatmaintainingNATOsreadi-nessandcombat-effectivenessthroughexpandededucationandtrainingincreasedexercisesandimproveduseoftechnology.AndasyouwillhaveseenintheAlliancesWalesSummitDeclarationNATOremainssteadfastlycommittedtoCollectiveDefense.InthatsummitinfactitwasdecidedtoestablishaVeryHighReadinessJointTaskForceVJTFwhichcandeploywithindays.ThisforcewillbeprovidedbyalliesinrotationandcouldincludeseveralthousandtroopsreadytoInterviewwithGeneralHans-LotharDomrseCommanderJFCBrunssum TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201419respondwhereneededwithairseaandSpecialForcessupport.AsyoucanseetheAllianceistakingallnecessarystepstoensureitsforcesembracethenecessaryflexibilitythatallowsthemtoprovideatimelyresponsetothebreadthofnewsecuritythreatsincludinghybridwarfarethatareemerging.ThenewNRFwillbefitterfasterevenmorecapableDuringtheexecutionoftheTRJT2014CHODsofEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaandPolandandarepresentativeoftheSlovakianChiefofDefencevisitedthetrainingarea.Whatwasthepur-poseofthisvisitCanyousharetheoutcomeofthismeetingwithusTheChiefsofDefencewhovisitedmyHeadquartersduringourexerciseinPolandwerebriefedonhybridwarfaretheroleandthefunctionofJointForceCommandBrunssumandtheimplemen-tationofImmediateAssuranceMeasuresintheJFCBSareaofresponsibility.TheywerealsoprovidedaclearpictureofJFCBSfutureplanningfortrain-ingandexercises.ThevisitallowedtheCHODSthepossibilitytobetterunderstandtheaimsofExerciseTridentJoust2014andmorespecificallytogainaclearpictureoftherolesandfunctionsofajointstaffworkingattheoperationallevelofmilitarycommand.Thisisimportantasajointstaffincor-porateslandseaairspecialforceslogisticsandotherspecialistunitssuchthattheirindividualinputsarecoordi-natedtowardstheachievementofthecampaignobjectives.ThenumberofexternalorganizationssupportingtheexercisehasincreasedsignificantlysinceSteadfastJazz2013.HowdidtheIOsandNGOspartici-pationenrichyourtrainingMilitaryoperationsarenottakingplaceinanisolatedoperationalenvironment.Wearealwaysapartofabroaderpuzzle.Thereforetheresaneedfordifferentactorscentraltoamissiontounderstandeachotherfromtheverybeginning.Tostarttheprocessofgettingtoknoweachotherwhentroopsarealreadyoperatingonthegroundistoolate.TocreatesuchacommonmutualunderstandingtheinteractionwithIOsandNGOsisvitaltothemissionssuccess.Eventuallyweallwanttowinthepeace.YouhavechosentheJFTCforthevenueofyourtraining.WhatissouniqueabouttheCentreHowdiditsexperi-encefacilitiesandcapabilitiescontrib-utetothetrainingprocessHereinBydgoszczwewereabletosetupatrainingenvironmentforalargenum-berofstafffrommyHeadquartersinatimelyandefficientway.Weexperiencedsuperbreallifesupportandawiderangeofservices.Inandout-processingwasconductedefficientlyandpainlesslyandtheJFTCstaffwasabletoresolveanyissuesquicklyandwiththeminimumoffuss.NaturallyIamalerttothepossibil-itytotrainoutsideinthefieldtorecreatetheconditionswewouldhavetofaceinarealmission.Howeverforthisexer-cisetheNATOJFTCinBydgoszczwasdefinitelythebestsolutiontorealizethemaximumtrainingbenefitsatafairprice.TridentJoust14wasanoperationalsuc-cessforBrunssumanditwasanexcellentopportunityfortheJFTCtodemonstratetheircapabilities.AndlastbutnotleastitwasalsogoodforthecityofBydgoszcztoshowtheirhospitalityandfriendship.QuestionsaskedbytheJFTCPAO. 20TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014TotracethelineageoftheCosttotheWestthefirstargumentofthispartoftheessaylooksatsixcompetinganalysesofAlQaedaacrossfourtidesofrecenthistory1fromAlQaedasJihadagainsttheSovietsinAfghanistantotheirroutbytheAmericansinthewakeof9112fromtheredoubtsofPakistansNorthWesternFrontiertotheMumbaiAttacksin20083fromLashkar-e-TaibasmomentaryusurpationoftheSalafivanguardtoAlShabaabsattackinKenyaand4fromthisfront-lineintheWaronTerrortothatwhichisyettobefoughttheCrimsonTide.Thefirstperiodcoverscounter-terrorismresponsestocompetinganalysesofAlQaedaasareligiousorpoliticalphenomenon.ThesecondperiodexploreswhatbecameofAl-QaedaafterToraBora.ThisisfollowedbyadiscussiononperspectivesofwhatAlQaedaactuallyistodaythethreatitposesforthefutureandwhatthesecouldtranslatetofortheWest.TheessayarguesthattheconsequencesofcompetinganalysesofAlQaedahavenotonlycompromisedcounter-terrorismmeasuresbutobscuredanddistorteditstruenature.Thesecondargumentopenswithadetailedintroductiontotheimportanceandrelevancetodayoftheforcesthatshapedpatternsofpoliticalviolencebetween1914and1945.ByquestioningRapoportsWavesTheorythehistoryofterrorismacrossthisperiodisshowntohavebeenovershadowedbythewarsthatframeitandasaconsequencethatitsrelevancehasoftenbeenoverlookedbyscholarsofterrorism.Themainpremiseisthatwarandthepoliticaleconomicandsocialforcesofthetimewereasmuchacatalystforterrorismbetween1914and1945astheyaretodayandthatmanyoftheprotagonistsfromthisperiodwereactuallyregionalnon-statecombatantscivilian-soldierswithlong-standinghistoricalgrievancesthathadtakenuparms.Wheretheactualbeginningsofmodernterrorismlieisseenasanacademicpointinthatitisnotsomuchwherethebirthofmodernterrorismtookplacethatisimportantbutwheretheforcesthatshapeditsrelevancetotheterrorismofthe21stcenturycanbefound.Itisarguedthatthiseraisfundamentaltofindingthatrelevanceandthatinattentiontoithasledtoagapofknowledgeonthehistoryofterrorismthehistoryofthetwoworldwarsandthecomplicatedrelationshipbetweenwarandterrorism.Argument1WhatsinanameThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.RomeoandJulietActIISectiononebeginswithadiscussionontwoschoolsofthoughtonterrorismattheturnofthecenturyandhowtheyledtocompetinganalysesofAlQaeda.InthecontextofwhatwasbelievedbymanytohavebeenaradicaltransformationifnotarevolutioninthecharacterofterrorismLaqueur2001thathadtakenplacewith911thetheoryofnewterrorismanditsover-ridingimpactontheperiodisdiscussedfirst.Thisisfollowedbyalookatcounter-insurgencyinitiativesbasedonconceptualizationsofreligionasthepredominantimpetusforterroristattacksSimonandBenjamin2000atthetimeandthecompetinganalysisofAlQaedaasanoverridinglypoliticalanimal.TotietherelevancyoftheacademicdebatetotheeventsunfoldingonthegroundthissectionconcludeswithadiscussiononwhythehistoryofterrorismissosalienttounderstandingcompetinganalysesofAlQaedaandhowbesttorespondtoit.ThesecondsectionlooksmorespecificallyatterrorismfromToraBoraonfocusingprimarilyoncounter-terrorismresponsestocompetinganalysesofAlQaedaas1acentralizedphenomenonand2afranchisedphenomenon.Sectionthreeconcentratesoncounter-terrorismresponsestocompetinganalysesofAlQaedatodayandsectionfouranalysesofthefuturethreatposedbythosewhodirectitandthoseinspiredbyit.ThefinalChristopherMcKeatingMilitaryAdvisorFutureForcesExhibitionConference2014Counter-TerrorismPoliciestheCosttotheWestGunpowderTreasonPlotPartII TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201421sectionpositsoneindirectconsequenceofcompetinganalysesnamelyafteradecadeofAmericanledasymmetricalwarfareandcounter-terrorismtheabilityofNATOtofightaconventionalwarhavingatrophied.TheessayconcludesthatanalysesofAlQaedathateitherdoubtornegateitsplaceattheepicentreofterrorismoverthelastdecadeorperceiveitasareligiousthreathaveledtocompetingcounter-terrorismmeasuresthathavecompromisedeffortstorespondeffectivelytoAlQaedaandobscuredanddistortedthetruenatureoftheorganization.Section1.TheHighTideThegoalsofthenewgenerationofterroristsembraceamysticalalmosttranscendentaldivinely-inspiredimperative.Hoffman1997SchoolsofThoughtThecostoffailingtorecognizeAlQaedaasanewgenerationofterrorisminthe1990swasbelievedbymanyattheturnofthecenturytohaveledtothecatastropheof911Crenshaw2007.New-Terrorismhoweverwasneitherasynonymfortherecentactsofterrorismsurrounding911noraclassificationofatypeofterrorismperse.ItwasaschoolofthoughtthathaddevelopedwiththepassingofthecomparativecertaintyoftheColdWarandadescentintowhatmanyperceivedtobethebeginningsofaclashbetweencivilizations.ItwaschristenedinthebloodoftheIslamicRevolutionof1979andconfirmedandreconfirmedinitsfearofIslamoverthesubsequenttwodecades-withtheMujahedeensvictoryovertheSovietsin1989andthebirthoftheIslamicBombin1999.DespiteprecedentsforthenetworksofcommonpurposeTucker2001thathadarisenandrhetoricthatwasinfluencedmorebythepoliticsofnationalagendasthanthestrategicobjectivesofareligiousideologybytheterroriststhemselvesnewterrorismhadbecomesynonymouswithIslamandtheunendingstateofwarQutb1964thatAlQaedawasquicklyperceivedtobewaging.Withtheattackof911thisMenacingFaceofNewTerrorismhadsurpassedAumShinrikyosdivinelyinspiredimperativeandgonebeyondanythingthatcouldbereasonedwithorthathadhithertobeenseenandHoffmanwasnotaloneinthisanalysisseeLesseretal.1999Neumann2009Juergensmeyer2000Laqueur2001andKegley2002.AlQaedasmetamorphosisfromarelativelysubjectiveepithettoareligiousphenomenonhencenotonlygaverisetoamonopolyoncounter-terrorismmeasuresbutarguablysooncametofuelwhatwastobecomethelongestwarinAmericanhistory-new-terrorismhadrenderedpreviousanalysesofterrorismbasedonestablishedgroupsobsoleteLesser1999andventuredonbecomingattheveryleastacounter-terrorismmeasureinitself.Thecounter-terrorismpoliciesandtheresourcesemplacedtosustainthemledtothirteenyearsofdecentralizedwarfarethatnotonlycardinallyaffectedtheintegrityofageoldalliancesandthedtentebetweenEastandWestbutdemonstrablyNATOsabilitytofightaconventionalwar.Priortoleavingofficein2011theUSDefenceSecretarywarnedNATOfacedtheveryrealpossibilityofcollectivemilitaryirrelevance.TheschoolsofthoughthadnotonlydistortedperceptionsofAlQaedabutshapedresponsestothemfromtheimplementationofshoottokillpoliciesLambert2011andtheAfghanizationandcivilianizationofNATOtoareluctancetounderstandingthethreatposedbyextremistgroupsontheirownterms-irrespectiveoftheirrelationshiptoAlQaeda.ReligiousAnalysisOnereasonthesenewrationalesforcounter-terrorismenteredthevernacularofmainstreampoliticsshortlyafter911wasnotbecausetheattackwasunprecedentedbutbecausetherewaslittlearchitectureinplacetoenableareadilycomprehensiveunderstandingofthescaleornatureoftheattack.Hence911catapultedtheintentofpoliticalviolencebeyondordinaryterrorismforanalystsandthenarrowedscopeoftheirresearchbegantostreamlinethetaskofanalysisitselfCrenshaw2007.IthadbestowedalevelofauthoritybeyonditssignificanceandthenatureoftheresponsesoonforcedAlQaedaintotakingonapara-militaryrole.OtherthannationalistsentimenttheperspectiveofthevictimsandthatofthegeneralpublictherewaslittlebutbewildermentandforthesecondtimeinitshistorytheUnitedStatesthemostpowerfulcountryintheworldhadbeenbroughttoitsknees.Henceirrespectiveofanylegitimacyindrawingparallelsbetween11thSeptember2001andDecember7th1941referencestoPearlHarbourwereimmediateandpoignantlyshedlightontheappetitethatdevelopedforanalysesofAlQaedainwhichitwasframedasanexceptionalthreatthatcouldonlybedestroyedbywarSincethepoliticsofreasoncannotdefeatapocalypticnihilismwemustfight.MichaelIgnatieff2001ThearguedtransitionofterrorismfromarationalmodernandpoliticalphenomenonwithaclearlineageofdevelopmentintoanapocalypticnihilisticandinterminableattackontheJahiliWorldnotonlyappealedbutwastheonlyavenuefortheunderstandablyconsequentialistreactionstothecatastropheof911asopposedtothealternativeofengaginginlong-termsustainablepoliticalsolutionstheanalysisofAlQaedaasanexceptionalthreathadbecomepolicy.Byconstructing911asanexceptionalthreatHellmichBehnke2012itfollowedthattheUnitedStateswasintrinsicallyexceptionalandassuchenjoyedtheadvantageofexceptionalpowerandprivilegesintheinternationalsystem.Withinmonthsthereasoningbehindextra-judicialproceedingsextra-judicialkillingspre-emptionextra-ordinaryrenditionandremotewarfarehadbydefaultfollowedsuitwiththisanomaly. 22TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014Thatmuchofitwasbasedonadietoffastfoodresearchthatwasquickcheapready-to-handandnutritionallydubiousSilke2001notonlyenabledtheprotagoniststokeeppacewiththeincreasingappetiteforwarbutwitheventsonthegroundastheyunfoldedonbothsidesoftheconflict911hadinjectedasenseofrighteousnessandpurposeintothemoralvacuumofthepost-ColdWareraandnewterrorismhadgivenitdirection.AstheWaronTerrorprogressedhowevertheconsequencesofwhatinevitablyledtoadeepeningintheschismintheanalysisofAlQaedabegantofractureacademicresearchandasBjornehedarguedasearlyas2003encouragepoliticiansintotakingextremenon-negotiablepositions.ThiseffectivelyruledoutanypoliticalengagementwiththeTalibanafterToraBoraforexampleandlaidthefoundationsforthesuccessionofanalysesofAlQaedathatprojectedSalafistinterpretationsontowhathadhithertobeenunderstoodaslittleotherthanamilitantextensionofthefanaticismexperiencedbypractitionersduringthe1980sinAfghanistan-nothinghadbeenlearnedfromtheYugoslavAlgerianandMercenaryUnitswhohadfoughtagainstthefirstwaveofMujahedeenForcesduringthe1990sacrosstheBalkansandNorthAfrica.ThenewwarasU.S.administrationofficialstermedtheviolencethatbeganSeptember11isthusnotsonew.ItisacontinuationandescalationofpreviouspatternsofviolenceinvolvingMuslims.HuntingtonsAgeofMuslimWars2001ThisnewreligiousterrorismnotonlycompoundedthethreatoutlinedinSternsTheUltimateTerrorists1999andBenjaminsarticleAmericaandtheNewTerrorism2000butconfirmedjustificationforfurtherentrenchingagainstasecond911orWMDattackandconsolidatedcounter-terrorisminitiativesintopositionsfromwhichtodebunkwouldhavebeenpoliticalsuicide.WithinweeksoftheattackonNewYorkArticle5oftheWashingtonTreatywasinvokedforthefirsttimeinNATOshistoryandhundredsofthousandsofmenandbillionsofdollarsofresourcesweremobilizedPresidentBushsrhetorichadnegatedanyroomforneutralityandwiththePatriotActputthecountryontoawarfooting.JustthreedaysbeforeAlQaedaslaststandatToraBoraonDecember17th2001themostdraconianlegislationinpeacetimeinoveracenturyTomkins2002hadbeenpassedintheUKsecularismpatriotismandAtlanticismhadbecomethehallmarksofthehome-frontandfragilecoalitionsthedeathknellofage-olddtentes-aseismicshiftingeopoliticalalliancesandthevaluesofoncehithertopassivetolerantliberaldemocracies.PoliticalAnalysisAdecadelaterandwiththebenefitofhindsightRichardEnglish2009cappedtheliteraturethathadbeenslowlytakingthedebatebacktoearlieranalysesofAlQaedainthewakeof911.ByarguingthattheWaronTerrorhadspectacularlyfailedtoaddresswhatAlQaedaconstitutedhemadeacaseforaradicallynewapproachtodealingwithinternationalterrorismthatinplaceofsettlingforanunendingwaragainstitthemodernworldhadtolearntolivewithit.ToadegreethisroundedoffthecallsofotheracademicworkssuchasSagemansUnderstandingTerrorNetworks2004inwhichitwasarguedthatthemilitaryresponsehadfailedandthattheonlyeffectivedefenseagainstAlQaedawastocounterthewebofrelationshipsintowhichithadmetamorphosedafterToraBora.InthatoneofthemoststrikingfeaturesofAlQaedaisthedestabilizingnatureofitsmerepresencecrucialtoboththeseargumentsisanunderstandingoftheovershadowingofitspoliticalobjectivesbythedynamismofitsreligiouspropagandaandapocalypticfaade.Theextremetowhichthisaffectedcounter-terrorismresponsesalthoughrelativeinanhistoricalcontexthadgivenitrevolutionaryglobalproportionsandturnedwhatwaslittleotherthanaterroristorganizationintoaphenomenonthathaschangedtheworld.HencecounterterrorismresponsestoAlQaedahavenotonlyredefinedmanyoftheconceptsofmodernwarfarebutcontemporaryWesternvaluesandterrorismitself.AnotherreasonforthisisthatbycounteringAlQaedaasareligiouslymotivatedmovementasopposedtoapoliticallymotivatedonetheresponseswerelargelybasedonaprioriknowledgethattendedtobelievethatterrorismwasmoredangerousoratleastmoredifficulttocounterthanitspredecessorTucker2001.FurthermoreandperhapsmoreimportantlythegoalofwinningsetbythecontextofwarhadreinforcedthebaselessconvictionthatthewaragainstAlQaedawouldbemeasureablequantifiableandconventionalaconceptthatwassupportedbyinitialmilitaryactionontheground.TherealityonthegroundhoweverwasfarfrommeasureabletheUnitedStateshadnotonlydeclaredwaronanenemygroupofcombatantswithacommonanthologyandwithastrategytowhichtheyhadpaidinsufficientattentionGartenstein-Ross2011butthecultureofaparticularperiodintime-azeitgeist.HencealthoughtheAlQaedaof911hadebbedanddiedbythetimethetideofToraBoraturnedtheresonanceofitsdrowninghadrippledoutacrossaworldthatstretchedfromCasaBlancatoJakarta.BroadeningthefightbeyondAfghanistantoincludeIraqasGartensteinarguedwoulderodeAmericanpowerandprovideAlQaedawitharemarkableopportunitytoreconstitute.IndeedthelackofreactiontoanalysesofAlQaedaasapoliticalorganizationwithrealpolitikandpracticalachievableobjectivesasopposedtoidealisticnon-negotiabledemandsledifanywheretothedemocratizationofboththegroupanditsideology.HistoricalContextIn2007CrenshawsummarizedthelimitedscopeoftheanalysesofAlQaedathatledtotheWaronTerrorbyarguing TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201423thatthecounter-terrorismmeasureshadnotbeengroundedinasufficientknowledgeofhistoryoranunderstandingofcontemporaryterrorism.InshortthatthenatureofAlQaedaisbetterassessedinitshistoricalcontextasopposedtothelargelyartificialandpoliticallychargedcategoriesthatabsorbedtheUnitedStatesintheaftermathof911.TherolesforexampleofQutbandAlZawahiricouldbearguedtobeasequallyinstrumentaltounderstandingthemotivationbehindtheoriginsandaspirationsofAlQaedaasthatofBinLaden.ThisisespeciallysowithregardstoitsreligiousdynamicsandportrayalofJihadasanunendingstateofwarQutb1964inaperpetualglobalstruggletoradicalizeandmobilizetheIslamicworldJasonBurke2005topromoteanideologythatunitedandmotivatedJihadistgroups.ThatQutbiscentraltounderstandingAlQaedasstrategicandpoliticalobjectivesisequallypoignantastooarethehistoriesoftheautonomousorganizationsandtribesandfamiliesintowhichthehierarchyofAlQaedasoughtsanctuaryandmarriedintoafterToraBora.Section2.TheEbbTideHoweverthisisnottosaythatafterToraBoraAlQaedadescendedintoamultitudeofinformallocalgroupstryingtoemulatetheirpredecessorsSageman2008northatthisassessmentisafundamentalmisreadingoftheAlQaedathreatHoffman2008bothstancesthatleadtohighstakeswhenitcomestocounter-terrorismBergman2011.ForexampleSagemansmodelpresumesAlQaedatohavealreadylostthewar-whichisclearlynotthecaseespeciallyfromtheperspectiveofAlQaedawhoseconceptoftimehaslittleappreciationforthenicetiesofseculardeadlines.ItalsopresumesAlQaedasonlygoalwastoattacktheWestandthatitnolongerhasanyfieldingoroverridinginfluenceovergroupslikeAQAPorashearguedwithGavrilloPrinciptheabilitytopulloffaminorincidentthatsparksaclashbetweenmajorpowers.WithHoffmanthehistoricalsignificanceislostandthepossibilityofthisperiodbeingbutoneofthethreephasesofaclassicinsurgencyaremissedandthatitisnotcounterterrorismresponsesthatarerequiredtoconstrainanddefeatAlQaedabutcounter-insurgencymeasuresfollowedbycounter-revolutionarywarfare.WhetherthethreatemanatesfromradicalizedWesternbasedconvertslonewolvesAlQaedaCentralAQAMIslamicStateortheLeaderlessJihadisinanycasebutamutepointforanyattackontheWestwouldbebutanothertemporarytacticinwhatisanongoingwaronamuchlargerbattlefieldthanthehomelandsorAfghanistanandonethatisshapedbyAlQaedaandnottheWest.Ifwereallywantittowalkonitsowntwofeetinaworldfullofenemieswaitingtopouncewemusteaseitsburdentakeitbythehandhelpitandsupportit...untilitstands.AbuMusabAbdulWadud2013Theabovequoteisarareindicationastonotwhatcounter-terrorismpractitionersoracademicsbelieveofAlQaedabutwhatAlQaedabelievesofatleastapartofitself-AlQaeda13yearsafter911andbyitsownadmissionyetunabletowalkonitsowntwofeet.IndeedfarfrombeingobsoletedbygroupsthatshareitsobjectivesatleastonemajorpartofitappearstohavebeendisabledbeyondanyrealcoordinatedactionorlikeISISacentralcontrol.WhetherornotthisisindicativethroughoutAlQaedahoweverremainsopentoquestionbutitdoessuggestthatanalysesofAlQaedaasafranchisedphenomenonhaveaccordeditunduecreditandledtocounter-terrorismmeasuresthathavefailedtocapitalizeontheAlQaedaof911slossesatToraBorathedegreeofbrandingforexamplethattookplaceonthemyriadofgroupsthatsharedSalafistdoctrineandmorphedtheacutedistinctionsbetweenthemintoholisticthreatsthesheersizeofthebureaucracylaunchedagainstAlQaedawhichdrownedoutanyeffectivemeansofmeasuringsuccesswelackthemetricstoknowifwearewinningorlosingtheglobalwaronterrorRumsfeld2003orthecompetinganalysesofAlQaedathathavehencenotonlyledtotheimplementationofdilutedcounter-terrorismmeasuresagainstthoseinspiredbyAlQaedasuchasAlShabaabbutthoseinanyaffiliatesunderitsdirectcommand.Section3.TheNeapTideIfanythingthegreatestlessonfromtheattacksonMumbaidemonstratethatwhilstcounter-terrorismmeasurescanforceterroristsfromtheirambitionstheyareoftentemporarysolutions.AlQaedawhilstlargelycurtailedintheWestasaresultofmilitaryinterventionintheEastremainsundefeated.FromMumbaitotheArabSpringalthoughforcedtowageadifferentwartotheoneithadinitiallysetouttofightadecadeagoithassincereturnedtoitsrootsandinforce-asapara-militarizednexusfightingwithemergingopportunitiesinaproxywarbetweenregionalsuper-powers-AlQaedatodayhasthecapabilitytoprojectitsforcesinMumbai-likeraidsaninternationallyestablishedphilosophyacrosstheWestaproximitytostateandstate-likeforcesanetworkofwellestablishedandfledglingaffiliatesandthepowertodestabilize.TheorganizationremainslethalandambitioustostrikeWesterntargets.HenryJacksonSociety2013Giventheabovehowfarcounter-terrorismmeasureswillbeofvalueuponanyresurgenceinattacksagainsttheWestisbasedlargelyonhowtheseaffiliationsareperceived.Withmorelandandpara-militarizedforcesunderthebannerofAlQaedathaneverbeforeshowsthatanalysesofAlQaedaasaterroristgroupfocusedonattackingtheWestorasaspentforceofredundantassociationshashadimportantramificationsinshortthat 24TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014whereitisoftenportrayedtobelittleotherthanashadowanamorphousideologythathasfewestablishedprecedentsitistheoppositeinthedrone-proofmetropolisesofPakistandespiteadecadeofwaracrossthebordersitcontinuestoholdcourtandinSyriaandIraqbothJahbatAlNusraandISISareAlQaedainallbutname.IndeedtheblackflagfliesalongtheEuphratesfromTheCityofMosquesinAlAnbarjust43mileswestofBaghdadtothegreatCitadelofAleppoattheveryheartoftheLevantandfromLondonthroughCairototheFarEastitflutters.YemeniandSaudielementsarealsoofparticularnotegiventheirmergencein2009toformAlQaedaintheArabianPeninsulaastoointheHornofAfricaareAlShabaabsthreefrontsandAQIMwhoarebattlingtheFrenchintheMaghreb.IndeedwithitsmanyalliesandaffiliatesfromLashkar-e-TaibainPakistantoBokoHaraminwhatwastheKanemEmpireandJemaahIslamiahinSouthEastAsiaitisnotthatAlQaedahaschangedbutasvulnerabilitiesandopportunitieshaveopenedupthatithastransformedNelsonSanderson2011.Section4.TheCrimsonTideItishencewithurgencythatAlQaedaisidentifiedforwhatitisasitmorphsfromoneidentitytotheotheramidsttheconflictriddenenvironmentsfromwhichitsaffiliateshaveemergedandwhereitsideologyfindsresonance.Fromthisperspectivegiventheneedformultifacetedapproachesonthegroundthatareflexibleenoughtocontaintheunpredictabilityofthisthreatforexamplethedemographicchallengestocomeoverthenextdecadethepressurethatthiswillputonnaturalresourcessuchaswaterfightingoveroilfieldsandportspiracythelong-termimpactoftheArabSpringattacksagainsttheBritishRoyalFamilytheradicalizationofMuslimsacrosstheWestandthetypesoftechnologythatadvantageasymmetricalforcesoverconventionalonestheacademicargumentsoftenappearstaticandhistorical.FurthermoreifAlQaedaiscoredrivenfocusonitsaffiliatesmightgiveitroomtobreatherelocateandrejuvenate.Itmightalsoforceachangefromanetworkofexistinginsurgentforcestoacellularmodelreinforcedbysleeperslonewolvesandtraitors.Ontheotherhandfocusonthecoremightreigniteanti-Westernsentimentsacrossitsaffiliates.IfAlQaedaishoweveraloosenetworkoffranchisedadviceonexplosivesfinancedroneattacksandtechnologyforcourtedterroristscounter-terrorismmeasureswouldneedtoconsiderthelinkingofregionalgroupsorattemptstoinfiltratetheinstitutionsoftheirstates.GiventheincalculablenumberofvariablesposedbyanalysesofAlQaedathequestionalmostalwayscomesbacktoeitheracceptingtheinevitabilityofanunendingwarorlearningtolivewithitandrelyingmoreonprivatemilitarycompaniestocounterthethreatofAQAM.Section5.TheLastTideThereisatideintheaffairsofmen.WhichtakenatthefloodleadsontofortuneJuliusCaesarActIVAsaconsequencetheanalysesofAlQaedahavearguablynotjustunderminedtheWestspositioninanyfuturemediatoryrolesacrosstheworldbutfuelledwaningconflictsandopenedupgulfsofdifferencesbetweenhithertostandingalliesparticularlywithTurkeyPakistanSaudiArabiaandGermany.ThroughthepoliticizationofterrorismbeyondtheparametersoftherealityonthegroundthirteenyearsofasymmetricaldecentralizedwarfarehaveseriouslychallengedNATOsabilitytofightaconventionalmulti-linear3rdgenerationwartheAfghanizationofTreatyforcesCoalitionsoftheWillingandthecivilianizationoftheArmedForceshaveallbutdepleteditsinteroperabilityandconventionalcapabilities.WiththedecliningpopularityofthewartheU.S.shareofNATOdefensespendinghasnowrisentomorethan75percentandwithittheallegiancesofyesterday-whileeveryalliancemembervotedfortheLibyamissionlessthanhalfparticipatedatallandfewerthanathirdwerewillingtoparticipateinthestrikemissionasRussiaandtheworldlookedonFranceandBritainstoodalone.CompetinganalysesofAlQaedahavenotonlydistortedcounter-terrorismpoliciesandledtocompetingresponsesthathavehadmassiveconsequencesfortheWesternAlliancetheyhaveshapedthem.ConclusionOverthesefivetidesofSalafiinspiredterrorismwhatstandsoutmorepoignantlythananythingelseisthedamagethatthecompetinganalysesofAlQaedahavecausedoutoflinewitheventsonthegroundandhistoricalbynaturetheyhighlightthedangersintherelationshipbetweenterrorismresearchandthepractitionersofcounter-terrorism.NotonlyhasitdirectlyprotractedtheWaronTerrorandfuelledterrorismbutledindirectlytoachainofeventsthathaveaffectedtheAlliancefortheworse.InshortfromtheSovietwarinAfghanistantotheUSroutofAlQaedaatToraBoratheconceptofnewterrorismhelpedpushcounter-terrorismpolicyintonon-negotiablepositionswithaholisticviewofterrorismthatovershadowedthehistoricalcontextoftheconflictandtherealpolitikoftheeventsontheground-causingAlQaedatoremilitarizeandtheripplesfromthistidetosurge.WiththeUnitedStatesfightingawarthatstartedin2001andAlQaedafightingawarthatstartedinthe7thCenturypositionsoneitherthewarbeingwonorthehistoricalcontextbeingworthlessindeedappearnavetodayrestrictiveconceptsthatdominatedacademiaonsocalledradicalizationlonewolvesandleaderlessJihadandthebrandingofgroupsirrespectiveoftheirhistoriesledblindlytodifferentreadingsofthebattlefieldandholisticcounter-terrorismmeasuresthathaveneedlesslyendedthe TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201425livesoftensofthousandsdepletedtrillionsinresourcesandunnecessarilytrampledacrosstheveryvaluesthattheWeststoodtodefend.IntheebbtidefromToraBoratoMumbaiAlQaedawasfarfromretreating.AlQaedawasreturningtoitsroots.Forwhatismissedinthecorporatetermsoffranchisingoraffiliatingisthewagingofwarondifferentlevelsondifferentfrontsatdifferenttimes.InitsNeapTideAlQaedacanbeseentohavefullypara-militarisedonsomeofthesefrontsreturnedenmassetoLondonandentrenchedinthefertilesoilsoftheArabSpring.SimplyputfromNewYorktoDamascusAlQaedahasnotsomuchchangedbuttransformedreadytocatchthenexttide.Argument2Peoplehaveonlyasmuchlibertyastheyhavetheintelligencetowantandthecouragetotake.EmmaGoldmanDespitebeingabletodrawsubstantiveandimportantparallelsbetweentheterrorismofthelate19thcenturyandthatofthemidtolate20thcenturytheobjectivesofthegroupsinvolvedwereinherentlydifferentandthisraisesdoubtastotheargumentsfortheirhistoricalalignmentassuccessivewavesofpoliticalviolencewithlittleinbetweenandhencequestionsastowhatweretheforcesthatactuallygaverisetomoderngroupssuchasISISandwhetherornottheyremainrelevant.Terrorismofthelate19thcenturyforexamplehadastrategicdoctrinaledgetoitthattypicallytooktheformofassassinationattemptsonpoliticiansorarsonandbombattacksongovernmentandpublicbuildings.Itwasideologicalinessenceeconomicinnatureandwhilstoftendepictedasthefirstwaveofmodernterrorismhadlittleincommonwiththesecondwavethatfollowedinitswake.IndeedprintedpropagandawasthemostcharacteristicformofanarchistactivityinlateVictorianBritain.Donghaile2011.TerrorismafterWorldWarIIwasentrenchedinthedeepseatedgeo-politicalgrievancesoftheinter-warperiodwithpragmaticgoalsdevelopedduringthewarMichel1972andwellrehearsedinternationalphilosophies-ithadmetamorphosedintoaverydifferentcreature.Indeeddespitethetrans-nationalcharacteristicsoftheanarchistsfromNorthandSouthAmericatoEuropetheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaandtheirpropensityforpropagandaofthedeedthesimilaritieswereinfactlargelyeclectic.Anditisbecauseofthisthatthepatternsofpoliticalviolencethatemergedbetween1914and1945andtheforcesthatshapedthemareofcrucialimportancetounderstandingnotonly20thcenturyterrorismwhichwasdeeplyrootedinthisperiodbutcluesastowhatgaverisetoterrorismsapocalypticcurrencypost911anditsfinalchrysalisasadomineeringfeatureofthiscenturyswarfare.PredominantlythisperiodiskeytoshowingwhatdynamisesterrorismandacceleratesitsdevelopmentbeyondanyevolutionarytraitorthesocialmythstraditionsandhabitsthatpermitthedevelopmentofterrorismasanestablishedpoliticalcustomCrenshaw1981.19141945demonstratesthatitisverymuchtheforcesofthedaythatchargedischargeandrechargeterrorismthatitsefficacyisdirectlysymptomaticoftheconflagratoryforcesinwhichitisembroiledandthatitsexistenceismorecomplicatedthananyprogressiveevolutioninpoliticalviolence.AsPapeargued2005theincreasesinsuicidebombingsrepresentanexistentialrejectionofoppression.Thisperiodforexampleshowsthatterrorismwasasequallysusceptibletotheforcesofdigressionanddevolutionandthatoverthelast70yearsmuchofithasarguablybeenbutarepeatedexerciseinfutilitywithzerocapacityforcontinuityorpoliticalchange.Irrespectiveofsocialcontinuumsthatperpetuateandregeneratedissenthistorycannotbeundonethe70yearsofrepressivedictatorialregimesthatgaverisetotheArabSpringof2010forexamplecannotbereversednorcanthedisastrouspoliciesofsuccessiveBritishPrimeMinistersandAmericanPresidents.AndhencewhatliesaheadareseismicchangesparticularlyfortheUnitedKingdomthebreakwithEuropewillcomeandadriftfromAmericatheBritishwillvoteinanewpoliticalforcetoarresttheinternalstrifeandturmoilthatensues.ParadoxicallyRapoportisalsocorrectinhisanalysis-theperioddoesdemonstrateterrorismhastentaclesthatreachacrossthecenturiesandthatitcananddoesevolve.ForexampleeachmanifestationoftheIRAfromthe1920stothe1990sclaimedlegitimacyfromalineagestretchingbacktothelate1800s.ThattheIRAofthe1970swereinfactforemostlyanurbanguerrillagroupwithlittleheritagebeyondthatoftheperipheralantipathythatsurroundedthecivilrightsmarchesofthe1960smadelittledifferenceamidstthepoliticaleconomicsocialandmilitantforcesoftheColdWaritwasaperipheralantipathyasitturnedoutthatevolvedinto30yearsofterrorismmoreBritishcasualtiesthanAfghanistanIraqandtheFalklandscombinedanuncountablenumberofbrokenlivesandbillionsofwastedpounds.TheproblemwithfocusingonthecontinuitiesofanhistoricalphenomenonhoweveristhattheoriessuchastheFourWaveswhilstconvenientsetartificialparameters.LikeTheWarsoftheRosesfromtheFirstBattleofStAlbansin1455totheUsurperscryforahorseatBosworthattheendofa30yearwartheimportanceandrelevanceoftheintangibleforcesareoftenlostcanthecauseforthelatterbefoundina19thcenturyphraseorisitburiedwithRichardIIatWestminsterWasitBastardFeudalismRoyalincompetenceDefeatinFranceSimplyputthewayaperiodorphenomenonisdatedandnamedcanaffecthowitisviewedandstudiedandtermssuchasTheSecondThirtyYearsWarTheAgeofBarbarismortheTheAgeofCatastrophecandetermineitTosh2006.Thisissuchfortheperiod1914-1945withthehistoryofterrorismandone 26TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014reasonfortheconsequentinattentiontothepoliticalviolencethattookplacebetweenthetwoworldwars.TheessaydevelopsthisargumentwithageneraloverviewfocusingfirstlyonWorldWarIanditsaftermathfollowedbyadiscussionwithexamplesfromtheperiod.Section1IamaYugoslavNationalist.IcallforthereunificationoftheSouthernSlavsintoonestateGavriloPrinciptrial1914Oneofthemoststrikingpoliticalfeaturesoftheearly20thcenturywastherepeateddestabilizingnatureofmilitantviolenceandthereactionorlackofreactiontoitsrealpolitik.AmidstthemilititarisedsocietiesofEuropeinwhichClausewitzianteachingshadbeentakentoanextremeinGermanythisgaveterrorismrevolutionaryproportionsrealcausalweightandasClark2013arguesfarreachingconsequenceslongbeforeandafterthe28thJune1914whenPrincipassassinatedtheheirtotheAustro-Hungarianthrone.Thetrenchesalsohelpedshapetheviolencebecomingafter1100AMonNovember11th1918notjustmassgravesforthemillionsbutcheredbutprecedentsforkillingonanindustrialscaleE.Crim2007theyhadredenedwarredenedcontemporaryvaluesandredenedterrorism.Theyhadalsodehumanizedconceptsthathadhithertobeenheldsacrosanctandformillionstakenawaytheircountrieshomesandfamiliesthosethathadescapeditsshellsweredestroyedbywar.Warhadbecomeapocalypticandcementedwithitterrorism.Ofalltheforcesthatshapedpatternsofpoliticalviolencebetween1914and1945howeveritwasthosethatgatheredatthePalaceofVersaillesonthe28thJune1914thathadthemostenduringimpactandleftthemostenduringlegacy.WithoutVersaillestheprincipalforcesofnationalismandtherevolutionaryideologiesthatdroveterrorismaftertheGreatWararelikelytohavetakenaverydifferentcourse.IrrespectiveastowhetherornotthetreatywasfairorflawedtheoverwhelmingperceptioninGermanywasnegativeandthisfollowedbytheGreatDepressionof1929wasusedextensivelybymilitantforcestounderminetheWeimarRepublic.EveninItalyitwasfeltthatVersailleshadmutilatedthepeaceandthattheseverityofItaliansacrificeswerewhollydisproportionatewiththetinygainsthenationhadmadeinreturnMacleod2008.OutsideofEuropethetreatywasequallyperceivedasafailureinthattheWilsonianprinciplesofself-determinationhadbeenlimitedandpromisesofpost-warindependencetocolonialpossessionsabandonedapolicythatalongsideplansforPalestinehadcreatedbitternessamongstnationalistsandlaidthefoundationforRapoportsSecondWaveanti-colonialterrorism.Withwidespreadunemploymentandhyper-inflationacrosstheformerCentralPowersinthe1920sandthreeongoingmajorEuropeanconflictsVersaillesbecamethebannerunderwhichright-wingmilitantsbegantounitetounderminetheWeimarRepublicthemostsuccessfulofwhichwastheNationalSocialistGermanWorkersParty.TwofurtherforceshadanimpactonpatternsofpoliticalviolenceasadirectresultoftheGreatWaritsaftermathandtheriseofNaziGermany.ThiswasthebeginningoftheunravellingoftheBritishandFrenchempiresandwhatwasonceadelicatewebofmilitarypoliticaleconomicandsocialrelationshipsthathadexistedforoveracentury.ThisdisintegrationofempirefuellednationalistaspirationsandregionalconflictbeforeandaftertheSecondWorldWarandthishelpedtotransformterrorismitselfintoanintegralcomponentofmodernwarfare.Thebeginningsofterrorismasanacceptedfeatureofmodernwarfarehenceliefirmlywithinthisperiodtheshockandhorrorofthefirstrecordedatrocitiesthatnowstreamendlesslyontoeveningnewsbroadcaststhealternativestoconventionalwarsuchasfightingbyproxyandthearmingofrebelforcesonagrandscaletheexportofinsurgencyskillsandmilitaryequipmenttoconflictzonesandtheinternationaltrans-nationalimporttoit.Moreimportantlybetween1914and1945theimplementationoftheconceptsoftotalwarinwhicheveryresourceandhumanassetismobilizedandunconditionalsurrenderorobliterationhadrenderedterrorismamutepointterrorismsoonbroughtoptionsotherthansurrenderandconsignedtheprivilegesoflimitedwarfaretohistory.SpawnedandfedbyacontinuumoftheseconflictingforcesterrorismmetamorphosedbackandforthacrossthepoliticalspectrumandtheparliamentarydemocraciesthathadbeenfoundedonthedebrisandidealismofVersaillesfellonebyone.OfthecabaretfascismanddecadenceinwhatTwainhadcalledtheChicagoofEuropeonlyfascismwasleftinBerlin.TheglitzoftheJazzAgeandtheunparalleledprosperityof1920sAmericahadcometoanendandGatsbysbriefunobtainabletwinkle-bellsofsunshinehadturnedtofouldust.BytheendofthedecadeStalinwasineffectivecontroloftheSovietUnionWallStreethadcrashedandtheworldwaslookingintoanabyss.PoliticalviolencehadreacheditszenithandwithNaziGermanyterrorismnowhadthecapacitytonotonlyfomentwarbutpara-militarizeanddirectit.Therelevancetodayisthatnotonlycanparallelsbedrawnonindividualeventsbutadeeperunderstandingoftherisksposedbythemilitarizationofterrorismcanberealized.IslamicStatewhilstenjoyinglittleotherthanawaveofinactioncamenotwithanysinglefailureofpolicybutthetide.FromAfghanistantothefallofMubarakalthoughforcedtowageadifferentwartotheonetheyhadinitiallysetouttofightandtechnologicallyandmilitarilyforcedoutoftherealmsinwhichtheyhadinvestedsoheavilyAlQaedahasironicallyfounditselfbackwhereitstartedandwasarguablyatitsbest.TodaytheglobalthreatmightarguablylieinitsabilitytoprojectitsforcesinMumbai-styleraidsbutitspowercouldequallylieinitsthreattoregionalstabilityandproximitytostateandstate-likeforceson TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201427thebattlefieldsofSyria.Section2OurwaronterrorbeginswithAlQaedabutitdoesnotendthere.Itwillnotenduntileveryterroristgroupofglobalreachhasbeenfoundstoppedanddefeated.GeorgeW.Bush2001Themainoutbreaksofterrorismupto1945demonstratehowinthecontextofwarthepoliticaleconomicandsocialforceswereasmuchacatalystforterrorismbetween1914and1945astheyaretoday.Itwasnotaquestionofthemhavingoperatedintandemoralignmentwithhistoricalforcesterrorismhasmalleableproteanpropertiesthatenableittobreedinsymbiosisonceittakesrootandthiscanbeseeninthefactthatofallthewarsofthisperiodthepoliticalviolencecontainedelementsofsecondthirdandfourthgenerationwarfare.Theterrorismwasrandomvariedchangeableandabletomovefromonesetofcircumstancestoanotherinmultiplesustainedforms.Theimportanceofthisperiodisthattheseforcessustainedterrorismandcarrieditbeyondtheparametersandboundariesofpreviousmanifestations.InshortasRichardEnglishargued2009ithadmetamorphosedintoanacceptablesub-speciesofwarfare.Muchthatisevidentinterrorismitsunpredictabilityofincidenceitspsychological-symbolicdimensionitsultimatelypower-politicalmotivationisalsopresentinmuchformalwarfare.RichardEnglishGiventheproximityofthecombatantstocentresofpopulationandtheircollectiveengagementinwarthedistinctionsbetweencombatantsandnon-combatantsbegantoblurandwar-crimesagainstciviliansbecamecommon.Thislethalmixtureofregularandirregularwarfarebecameakeyfeatureoftheperiodasthepoliticaleconomicandsocialforcesdeterioratedandiscrucialtounderstandinghowarelationshipbetweenwarandterrorismcandevelopoutofseeminglynothing.PoliticalviolenceinPalestineisaclassicexampleofthisandarevoltinwhichthewidercontextofwarverymuchdetermineditsnaturetoterrorizeWilson2013.AttheoutbreakofWorldWarIIforexamplealthoughmostofIrgunsupportedtheAlliessporadicattemptsatmasscasualtyattackscontinuedagainsttheBritishArmy.IrgunsowncelebratoryattitudetoterrorclearlyowedmuchtooldereasternEuropeanrevolutionarytraditionsbuttheeasewithwhichitembracedmass-casualtyattacksstilldefieseasyexplanationWilson2013.InGermanywhilstterrorismhadtakenonaparamilitaryoutlooktoitsactivitiesinthelatethirtiesandboththeriseofstate-terrorismandtheMolotov-RibbentroppacthadeffectivelyrenderedanyleftwingterrorismthatremainedredundanttherearestillexamplesofterroristactsthemostfamousbeingGeorgeElsersattempttoassassinateHitlerin1939OperationSparkin1940bytheSchwarzeKapelleandOperationValkyriein1944byColonelClausVonStauffenberg.Inalltherewereover40attemptsthatinvolvedshootingsbombingsandevenanattackonhispersonalplane.ResistancetotheNazishasoftenbeenoverlookedbutitmustberememberedthataslateas1933theSPDhadoveramillionmembersandsome5millionvotes.Tocompoundthisbetween1933andthefallofNaziGermanymorethan3millionGermanshadbeenimprisonedforpoliticalreasonsandover70000executed.LoneWolfsattacksandattemptsbytheWiderstandtoforceacoupalsosuggestspowersinplaythatshapedpatternsofpoliticalviolencebynon-statecombatantsandcivilians-forcesandactorsthatareasviabletodayastheywere70yearsago.Furthermoreasthepoliticalviolenceshiftedaccordingtothefluidityofthepoliticaleconomicandsocialcontextitcanbeseenthatneitheralackofterrorismnoraneradicationofterrorismcomputestoanendinterrorism.KilmainhamGaolin1916andLidicein1942areexamplesinthattheformerwasfollowedbythekillingof14BritishofficersinDublinon21November1920andtheTreatyayearlaterandthelatterbythePragueUprisingandtheexpulsionandmassacreofGermansfromtheSudetenlandin1945-aptlynamedthefinalsolutionoftheGermanquestion.OtherreasonsforalessthanovertpresenceofresistanceacrossmuchofoccupiedEuropewerethatcounter-insurgencyoperationshadevolvedfromthedisproportionateover-killofthoseinWorldWarItooutrightslaughterinWorldWarIIandthisbroughtlittlecommunitysupport.AsGildea2003explainsThedesiretopraisetheresistancebecauseithadliberatedandredeemedFrancewasundercutbythelocalexperienceofbrutalreprisalswhichthreatenedtodriveawedgebetweenarmedresistersandlocalcommunities.InadditionresistancemovementsinFranceandGreecewereoftensplinteredideologicallysomemerelywaiting-outthewaroratwarwitheachotheranditwasprimarilyonlyinTitosYugoslaviaandtheeastthatpartisangroupswereabletoengageeffectivelyandbynecessitatinganeedforoccupyingAxisForcesprovideanyrealtacticalsupportfortheAlliedForces.TwootherissuesthatremaincontroversialbutthathavebeencomprehensivelyaddressedinscholarlyliteraturearewhetherornottheAlliedbombingofGermanyandJapanoreventheUKsSOEoperationsconstitutedterrorism.WithregardstothelattertherelevanceisrevealinginthattheBritishemployedandimportedlessonslearnedfromitscounter-insurgencyinPalestineandIrelandtooccupiedEuropeandgroupssuchasENOSISappliedtheirexperiencesofoccupationandcivilwar 28TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014inGreeceagainsttheBritishadecadelaterOnedoesnotuseatanktocatchfieldmice--acatwilldothejobbetter.GeneralGeorgeGrivas-DighenisonBritishMilitaryStrategies1964PolandandCzechoslovakiaareequallyimportanttoterrorismstudiesinthiscontext.AlthoughCzechoslovakiaisoftencriticizedfornotdeployingitssignificantforcesagainstGermanyin1938andforfailingtoriseagainsttheoccupationtherearefourepisodesofpoliticalviolencethatmustnotbeforgottentheyaretheBritishsponsoredassassinationoftheReichsprotektoron27thMay1942theSlovakUprisingof1944thePragueUprisingwhichwasthelastmajorbattleofthewarinEuropeandpostdatedHitlersdeaththeCzechfighterpilotsofBattleofBritainfameandtheCzechVolunteerswhostoodalongsidetheBritishandAustraliansatTobruk-likeMasaryksLegionsofWorldWarItheywereatangiblepoliticalsocialandeconomicforcethatshapedthepatternsofpoliticalviolencethroughwhichalinecanbedrawnnotonlyfrom1914to1945buttotoday.WithregardstoPolanddifferentpatternstookshapeinthatdespitethebrutalityoftheNazioccupationandthereprisalsthatdecimatedthecountryspopulationarmedresistancewasconstantandcontinuedfromtheChargeofKrojantyonthe1stSeptember1939tothelastuprisinginWarsawin1944.ItalsohastoberememberedthatliketheFirstWorldWartheseconddidnotendin1945foreverycountrythatwasengagedinitandthatthereareclearlinksbetweenpreandpost1945conflictandwar.Thewarcontinuedundernewflagsupto1949inIsraelforexamplewithveteransandequipmentincludingironically24MesserschmittBF109sfromCzechoslovakiafromthebattlefieldsoftheSecondWorldWar.IndeeditcouldbearguedthattheclosingchaptersofWorldWarIIactuallytookplaceonthebattlefieldsofBosniainthe1990swhereFascistsandCommunistsslaughteredeachotherandtheirrespectivepopulationswerebutcheredwithnonchalance.ConclusionTerrorismhasbecomethesystematicweaponofawarthatknowsnobordersandhasnoface.JacquesChirac1986Toconcludetheforcesthatshapedpatternsofpoliticalviolencebetween1914and1945werefarfromextraordinarytheywerewarandtheeconomicpoliticalandsocialforcesoftheday.UnfortunatelyRapoportsFourWavesTheorylacksenoughofanundertowtogivecredencetothevolumesofpoliticalviolencewithwhichthisperiodisawash.Atthesametimehoweveritdoesshowthereactionaryqualitiesofterrorism.Neverthelesscategorizingterrorismhasledtogapsofknowledgeparticularlywithregardstotheoriginsofterrorismasaspeciesofwarfareanditstransformationintoamajorfeatureof21stcenturywarfare.Thatwardynamisesterrorismiswelldocumentedbutthisperiodaddsmorewarcanbeconsumedbyit.Theeconomicpoliticalandsocialforcesof1914equallyshowsthatwhilstterrorismfluctuatesamidstthewidercontextinwhichitismanifestthatthisisoftentothedetrimentofthephenomenon.Withregardstothehistoricityofterrorisminattentiontotheperiodraisesquestionsastotheeffectoftheunravellingofempiresonterrorismrevengeonterrorismandtheeffectofterrorismonterroristforces.Morecruciallygiventhat1914to1945isfarfromabsentofterrorismandthatitisarguablythemostimportantperiodinthehistoryofmodernwarfaretheriskofnotstudyingtheforcesthatshapeditcouldproveacosttoofarfortheWest.Mr.ChristopherMcKeatingisaPost-GraduateStudentatTheHandaCentrefortheStudyofTerrorismandPoliticalViolenceatStAndrewsaformerplatooncommanderandamemberoftheFSEC2014MilitarySecurityAdvisoryCommittee.AswellasresponsibilityforPMSCsChristopherisaCommitteeMemberoftheUnmannedSystemsWorkshop.Hehasbeenaninstructorfor15yearsinthedesignmanagementandinstructionofCounter-TerrorismPre-DeploymentInter-operabilityEnglishLanguageandInternationalRelationsCoursesformilitariesacrosstheworld.EducationMasterofLettersCSTPVStAndrewsUniversity2014Cert.CSTPVStAndrewsUniversity2011RSACert.CambridgeUniversitySKOLA1996B.A.HonoursDegreeLiverpoolUniversity1995PlatoonCommander1993OxfordUniversitysOfficerTrainingCorps1991DownsideAbbey1989BritishEmbassySchoolRiyadhSaudiArabia1983.CurrentworkGunpowderTreasonPlotAqualitativeanalysisofthethreattotheUnitedKingdomfromBritishforcesloyaltoAlQaedaIslamicStateandAlQaedaSeparatists.ResearchtofurtheranunderstandingofthethreattotheUKfromBritishcitizensloyaltoAlQaedaAlQaedaSeparatistsandIslamicStateandtheirintentifanytolaunchattacksagainstthepopulationandcriticalinfrastructureoftheircountry.TheresearchisbasedonananalysisofthelatterscompetenciesinasymmetricalwarfareandthelevelsofproficiencythatwouldberequiredtoattacktargetsintheUnitedKingdom.UsingtheProtectandPreparestrandsoftheUKGovernmentsConteststrategyasabenchmarkthisresearchprojectwillinvolveananalysisofriskthreattotheUKpopulationandinfrastructureusingsecondarydatathatisalreadyinthepublicdomainwithaprimefocusontextsfromtwosourcesicounter-terrorismpolicymakerspractitionersandiiAlQaedaISstrategistspropagandists.AbouttheAuthor TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201429ThenextannualNATO-ledCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityeXplorationeXperimentationeXaminationeXerciseCWIXwillofficiallyopenon11June2015.ThemainpartoftheexecutionwillbehostedbytheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCinBydgoszczPolandfrom9to25June2015.CWIXisaMilitaryCommitteedirectedannualprogramdesignedtosupportthecontinuousimprovementtointeroperabilityfortheAlliance.OverthethreeweekperiodCWIXwillbringtogetherengineerstechniciansandoperationalusersfromabout21nationstotestinteroperabilitybetweendifferentinformationsystemsinBydgoszczPolandanddistributedthroughoutEuropeandNorthAmerica.LastyearCWIX2014exploredsuchcriticalareasascyberdefenseFederatedMissionNetworkingFMNModellingSimulationandSituationalAwarenessinformationsystems.21Nationsdistributedover21testinglocationsbroughttogether175capabilityconfigurationswhichspannedthecompleteCommunicationsandInformationspectrumandrepresentedcurrentfutureandexperimentalcapabilitiesoftheAllianceanditspartners.In2015CWIXisalreadylookingtoexpandparticipationtoevenmorenationsandsystems.TheimportanceofCWIXcannotbeunderstated.ItisthelargestannualNATOapprovedeventofitskind.CWIXisdesignedtobringaboutcontinuousimprovementininteroperabilityfortheAllianceandPartnerNations.ItisoneofthedrivingtestbedsfortheSmartDefenseconceptandtheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFI.ItbuildsinteroperabilityandfacilitatesacommonframeworkforalliancememberstoplugandplaytheirCommandandControlC2networks.DuringtheAfghanmissionittookseveralyearstocreateAfghanMissionMAJAlexVershininJFTCTrainingSupportDivision2015CWIXIsPromisingtoBetheBiggestYet 30TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014Network.ItallowedtheentireISAFcoalitiontosharerealtimeinformationacrosstheentirecoalitionandwasvitaltoISAFssuccess.TheCFIandtheFMNseektocapitalizeonallsuccessesoftheAfghanMissionNetworkcaptureitslessonsandcreateaframeworkforfuturedeployablenetworkswhichcanbesetupinamatterofmonthsinsteadofyearsgivingNATOrapidcrisisresponseability.CWIXiswheretheconcepttakeslifeandnationshaveachancetotestdocumentandrefinetheinteroperabilityoftheirC2systems.InrecentyearsCWIXhasgrownfromasmalltestingplatformtoaNATOwideevent.ThelistofparticipantsiscontinuouslygrowingasmoreandmorenationsaretestingtheirinteroperabilityofC2systemsdefenseagainstcyber-attacksandtestvarioussimulationsystemsabilitytoshareinformation.Justbetween2013and2014CWIXhasgrownbythreenationsandover400newparticipants.AtthisrateCWIXisexpectedtogrowfurtherencompassingallof28NATOmembersaswellasmajorityofPartnershipforPeaceandPartnersAcrosstheGlobe.CWIXisplannedtobeheldannuallyatJFTCfortheyearstocome.SetinapicturesquetownofBydgoszczPolanditoffersnumerousadvantagesasahost.JFTCboastsstateofthearttechnicalfacilitythatsupportscloudcomputingrobustsimulationcapabilityandhighcapacitycommunicationtolinkinwithremotesitesthroughouttheworld.IthasasuperbtechnicalandsupportstaffeasilycapableofmeetingthechallengesposedbythecomplexCWIXenvironment.FinallythereisthetownofBydgoszczitself.WithitsbeautifularchitectureandwarmhospitablepeoplethetownisoneofthebestkeptsecretsofEurope.Thecityfeaturesaslewofqualityrestaurantscomfortablehotelsallsettocatertoover1100participantsflockingtotownduringCWIXandbenefitsfromaneconomicboostduringthesethreeweeks.AllofthiscontributestomakeBydgoszczanideallocationtohostaninternationaleventlikeCWIX. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201431OnSeptember16-192014repre-sentativesoftheJointForceTrainingCentreattendedthe9thNATOCAXForum2014attheAtaturkWargamingandConventionCenterAWCCinIstanbulTurkey.CAXForum2014focusedontechnicalissuesandoperatingproceduresrelatedtosimulation-basedexercisesandtrainingsupportinordertopromotesharinginformationandbestpracticesamongthestaffsofNATOandnationalsimulationandtrainingcentres.2014CAXForumorganizedbytheModellingandSimulationCentreofExcellenceMSCoEwelcomedaround260CAXPersonnelandMSexpertsfrom30countries.ThiseventisanexcellentforumtoshareideasoradvertiseyourprojectsrelatedwithCAX.SimulationexpertsonallaspectsofMSintroduceandcoordinateenhancementsparticipantsdiscusscommonsimulationproblemswithvariedviewpointsfromdifferentcountriesandorganisationsrepresentativeswhilelearningnewmeth-odologiesorgettingquickanswerstoCAXrelatedissues.SeeingtheuseofCAXmethodologiesfornewareasofinterestcanbesurprising.Joiningsimu-lationdemonstrationsincludingtheonescommonlyusedinNATOmakesinfor-mationabouttherecentdevelopmentsaccessible.NationalorNATOSimulationCentresrepresentativesgotheretoprovideupdateontheirdevelopments.Thescopeoftheforumallowsamongotheroptionsdiscoverdigitalgame-basedlearningnamedseriousgames.Inresponsetoanyraisedquestionsorrequirementscompanyrepresentativescanproposeareadyofftheshelfproductornotedownthedetailsofreportedcapabil-itydeficiencyforfurtherdevelopments.BeingmembersofanimportantNATOtrainingcentretheJFTCteamhadachancetoexplaintheroleandfunctionoftheJFTCitscapabilitiesandpotentialwithinCFIimplementationsforindustryandnations.PresentingJFTCstatusupdateanddiscussingenhancementswithsimulationcompa-nieswereimportanttopics.OverallthevalueofCAXForumisimmeasur-able.SharingknowledgeviewpointsandfuturetechnologicaldevelopmentswillassistintherefinementofJFTCtrainingcapabilities..GultekinArabaciJFTCTrainingSupportDivisionOfficialphotooftheCAXForum2014 32TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014NewYearOfficiallyOpenedattheJFTCThenewJointForceTrainingCentreCommanderBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiinauguratedanotherbusyyearfortheJFTC.Withcloseto100guestsincludingrepresentativesofregionalauthori-tiestheCityofBydgoszcznumerouscivil-ianandmilitaryorganizationsthecentrestartedaverydemandingtimeoftrainingandexerciseaswellasthetimeofsignifi-cantjubileesamidstthemthecentres10thanniversary.TheJFTCsannualNewYearsReceptiontookplaceon9January.InhisNewYearsAddresstothestaffGeneralGrabowskialsopointedoutfivemainJFTCprioritiesfortheupcomingmonths.Hementionedcontinuityofsup-porttoongoingmissionsassumptionoffullspectrumtrainingimplementationoftheConnectedForcesInitiativeenhancementofcommunityofinterestandcooperationaswellasenhancementoftheJFTCsinstitu-tionalstrength.AnnualNewYearsReceptionsalsogivetheJFTCCommanderafantasticoppor-tunitytothankallthecentresfriendsfromPolandtheregionandtheCityofBydgoszczforthesupportandgoodcooperationpro-videdthroughoutthepastyear.JFTCCelebratesthe15thAnniversaryoftheCzechRepublicHungaryandPolandAccessiontoNATO15yearsagoafteraprocessbasedondemocraticprocedurestheCzechRepublicHungaryandPolandbecamemembersoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.TodayrepresentativesofthethreenationsworkhandinhandintheAlliancealsoattheJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszczJFTC.TocommemoratethisimportantanniversarythecentreinvitedmembersofBydgoszczNATOunitsandlocalauthoritiesforasmallceremonywhichwasheldon14March.On12March1999intheCityofIndependenceMissouriUSAMinistersofForeignAffairsoftheCzechRepublicJanKavanHungaryJnosMartonyiandtheRepublicofPolandBronisawGeremekdepositedProtocolsofAccessiontotheAlliance.ForthethreenationsitwasoneofthemostimportanteventsaftertheColdWarwhichopenedanewpageintheCzechHungarianandPolishhistory. JFTCAwardedbytheBydgoszczCityCouncilMedalsofCasimirtheGreatforexceptionalmeritsfortheCityofBydgoszczwerepresentedbytheCityCouncilon23April2014.OneofthisyearslaureateswastheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTC.TheawardsweregivenduringaspecialcouncilsessionheldontheoccasionofBydgoszczs668thbirthday.BrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskitheJFTCCommanderreceivedthemedalaswellaswarmwordsofappreci-ationforthecentresworkfromMr.RomanJasiakiewicztheChairmanoftheCityCouncilandMr.RafaBruskitheMayorofBydgoszcz.TheJFTCwasrecognizedforits10yearscontributiontothedevelopmentofBydgoszczandpromotionallovertheworld.ThegroundsfortheawardingreadTheJointForceTrainingCentrewasestablishedin2004.ItwasthefirstunitinPolandthatwasapartoftheNATOCommandStructureandisoneofthetwoNATOtrainingcentresintheworld.DuetotheimportanceoftheJFTCinNATOstructuresmanyhigh-rankingrepresenta-tivesofNATOcountriesandmostimpor-tantNATOinstitutionsvisitourcity.RepresentativesoftheCentreparticipateinsignificantmunicipaleventsincludingnationalholidaystheCitysbirthdaysanni-versariesoftheliberationofBydgoszczitsreturntoPolandandmanyothers.TheHighestRegionalAwardsfortheJFTCFlagOfficersBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiPolishArmytheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCCommanderBrigadierGeneralLszlSzabHungarianArmytheJFTCDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffandColonelIvoStrechatheCzechSeniorNationalRepresentativeattheJFTCreceivedthehighestregionalawardsoftheKujawsko-PomorskieProvince.UnitasDuratCuiaviano-PomeraniensisMedalswerepresentedbytheMarshaloftheRegionMr.PiotrCabeckion24March.Theceremonywasapartoftheregion-alcelebrationsrelatedtothe15thanniversaryofPolandaccessiontoNATO.TogetherwiththeJFTCOfficersalsoLieutenantColonelRobertczyskitheCommanderoftheJFTCSupportUnitandrepresentativesofPolishArmedForceswererecognizedbytheMarshalofKujawsko-PomorskieProvince.LieutenantGeneralEdwardGruszkatheCommanderoftheSupportInspectorateofthePolishArmedForcesspokeonbehalfofallawardees.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201433LifeattheJFTC2014inRetrospect 34TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014NorwegianConstitutionDaySpeechdeliveredbyLTCLasseLindalenConstitutionDayistheNationalDayofNorway-celebratedon17May.TheConstitutionwassignedonMay171814.Wearecelebratingthe200yearanni-versarytomorrow.TheconstitutiondeclaredNorwaytobeanindependentnationafterbeingapartofDenmarkformorethan300years.ItwasanattempttoavoidbeingcededtoSweden.Howeverthatsameyearin1814onlymonthsaftersigningtheconstitutionNorwayendedupinaunionwithSwedenwhichlasteduntil1905.Thecelebrationofthisdaybeganspontaneouslyamongstudentsandothersfromearlyonduringthistime.TheKingofSwedenandNorwaywasreluctanttoallowcelebrationsduringtheunionhesawcel-ebrationsasprotestanddisregardevenrevoltagainsttheunion.BUTWESTILLCARRIEDONByhistoricalcoincidencetheSecondWorldWarendedinNorwayninedaysbeforethatyearsConstitutionDayon8May1945whentheoccupyingGermanforcessurren-dered.FromthenonanewandbroadermeaningwasaddedtothecelebrationoftheNorwegianConstitutionDayonMay17.TheNorwegiancelebrationstodayshowmycountryasanindependentstateoflawwithdemocraticrightsforallandhasincreasinglybecomeacelebrationofNorwaysgrowingethnicdiversity.Thedayshouldberegardedasanexpressionofthank-fulnessonbehalfofoldvaluesfreedomequalityandbrotherhoodtheideologicalbasisofourconstitution.AnoteworthyaspectoftheNorwegianConstitutionDayisitsverynon-militarynature.AlloverNorwaychildrensparadeswithanabundanceofflagsformcentralele-mentsofthecelebration.Eachelementaryschooldistrictarrangesitsownparadewithmarchingbandsbetweenschoolsthroughthecommunityoftenmakingstopsathomesofseniorcitizensandwarmemorials.Aftertheparadestherearegamesforchildrenlotsofice-creamsweetsandhotdogsareeatenunfortunatelynoneofthatwillhappenhereatJFTCtoday.WiththeseshortremarksIwouldliketocongratulateourKingmynationandciti-zensonour200thanniversaryofsigningtheConstitution.NationalDefenceAcademyandPolishParliamentaryNationalDefenceCommitteeExploretheJFTCStudentsofthePolishNationalDefenceAcademyandmembersofthePolishParliamentaryNationalDefenceCommitteeaccompaniedbylocalauthoritiesexploredtheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCdur-ingtwovisitsheldon19and20May.TheyarrivedattheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentrescompoundtolearnmoreabouttheJFTCitselfandalsotoobservehowthefacil-itywhereNATOsoldierspreparefortheirmissionsfunctionedinreality.ThefirstgroupofguestswasledbyLieutenantGeneralret.PhDAndrzejTyszkiewiczandthevisittothecentrewasincorporatedintheprogrammeoftheirpostgraduateDefencePolicyStudies.TheParliamentariansarrivedattheJFTCdur-ingtheirstudytriparoundtheKujawsko-PomorskieRegionsmilitaryunitstraininggroundsandinstitutions. EstonianVictoryDaySpeechgivenbyMAJArboProbalTheancientMidsummerbonfireoftheNordicpeoplesistheVictoryFlameoftheRepublicofEstonia.InthecourseofhistoryEstonialostitssov-ereigntyseveraltimessotheIndependenceDaycelebrationsknownastheVictoryDaybearsspecialsignificanceforcitizens.TheVictoryDay-Vidupha-iscelebratedon23JunetomarkthebattleduringtheWarofIndependenceinwhichtheEstonianarmedforcesandtheiralliesdefeatedtheBalticLandeswehrforceswhosoughttore-assertcontrolovertheregion.Themilitarytriumphin1919markedtheendof700yearsoffor-eigncontrol.TheViduphacommemoratescontributionofallEstoniansintheirfighttoregainandretainindependence.OnceayearonMidsummerNightourflagfliesaboveeveryEstonianhomefromdusktodawn.Thisisthewayithasbeenandthisisthewayitwillbe.Asatraditionourpresidentandotherdigni-tariesattendtheofficialVictoryDayceremo-ny.Festivitiesincludeaparadeaspeechbythepresidentandamilitaryreview.Theholi-daytransitionsfromthepoliticaltothetradi-tionalwhenthepresidentsendsouttorchesfromtheofficialbonfireheldinhonoroftheVictoryDaytolightthehundredsofbonfiresinthecountrythatinitiateMidsummerandSt.JohnsEvecelebrations.ThisyearourvictoryflamevassentofffromValga-ValkaEstonian-Latviantwinbordertownswheresomedozensofkilo-meterssouthwardsnearthecityofCesisorVnnuinEstonianEstoniandefenceforcesdefeatedenemytroops95yearsago-thisvictorycametobeabreakthroughinthewholeEstonianWarofLiberty.Butthevic-torywegainedoverourownhesitationsanduncertaintywasevengreater.TheVictoryDayisalsoourHomeDefenceDayanditsymbolizesnotonlythevictoryinonebattlebutthestruggleofthepeopleofEstoniaovercenturiestogainregainsecureandmaintaintheirindependence.Estoniaisourcountryourfreedomourhomeandourfamily.Estoniadeservestobecherishedandprotected.ElaguEestiElaguVabadus8thInternationalDayattheJFTCForthe8thyearinarowtheJointForceTrainingCentrecelebrateditsInternationalDay.NationalstandsteamswearingnationalcolorsmusicplaygroundforchildrenandchildrenslaughterallthesecreatedabeautifultimethatmembersoftheJFTCtheNATOCommunicationandInformationAgencySquadronBydgoszczthe3rdNATOSignalBattaliontheJFTCSupportUnittheAlliedCommandCounterintelligenceandtheJFTCNationalSupportElementsandtheirfamiliesspenttogether.Theeventtookplaceon23May.Nationspromotedtheircountrieswithregionalfoodbeveragessmallgiveawaysandtouristinformation.WhilealladultswereenjoyingtheirtimediscoveringnationalcuisinesandlearningmoreaboutdifferentculturesandcustomsyoungerparticipantsoftheInternationalDaywerehavinglotsoffunintheplaygroundestablishedespeciallyforthisoccasion.AgaintheJFTCInternationalDaycreatedafantasticopportunityforgatheringthewholeBydgoszczNATOfamilyandforbuildingstrongrelationsbetweenitsmem-bers.Everyoneenjoyedthedaybeautifulweatherfantasticfoodgreatcompanyandalltheattractions.TofeelthespiritoftheJFTCInternationalDaylookatthephotogallery.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201435 36TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December20142014BastilleDayattheJFTCSince2010theFrenchcontingentofBydgoszczJFTCand3rdNSBhascom-memoratedtheBastilleDay.Officiallycel-ebratednationwideon14thJulyithappenedon18thallowingtheTAAC-TAATexer-cisetofinish.Thecelebrationstartedinthemorningbyaflag-raisingceremonychairedbytheCentreCommanderBGWojciechGrabowskiwithallJFTCpersonnelfol-lowedbyaFrenchstylebrunch.Adetach-mentofthemilitarybandoftheFrenchAirborneBrigadeprovidedthebackgroundmusic.IntheeveningtheFrenchSeniorNationalRepresentativeColonelCharlesSevinandtheFrenchcontingentofBydgoszczhostedtheinternationalcom-munityofJFTCand3rdNSBaswellasBydgoszczcivilianauthoritiesforadin-nerinthecompound.LaterguestsenjoyedthemselveswithgoodFrenchlivemusicperformedbythemilitaryband.InternationalSchoolofBydgoszczStartsNewSchoolYearIthasalreadybecomeatraditionthattheInternationalSchoolofBydgoszczISoBopensthenewschoolyearattheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTC.On1SeptemberBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskitheJFTCCommanderwel-comedaround300peopleincludingschooladministrationteachersrepresentativesoftheKazimierzWielkiUniversityandmostofall-pupilssomeofthemaccompaniedbyparentswhocametoofficiallybeginschoolyear20142015.Sinceyourbeginningsin2009therelationshipbetweentheISoBandJFTChasalwaysbeenfruitfulandclosehow-everin2012whenhighreputationofyourschoolalsoledtoamuchhighernumberofpupilsweagreedtohostthiseventinourAuditoriumGeneralGrabowskihigh-lightedlinksbetweentheISoBandtheJFTCandaddedWearehappytosupportyoubutweneedyoursupporttoo.Withouttheteachingandlearningenvironmentyoucre-atedtheJFTCwouldbelessattractiveforsoldiersandciviliansfromforeigncountriestoaccepttheirnewassignmentsandtoliveinBydgoszcztogetherwiththeirfamilies.Werecognizetheongoingprogresstheschoolismakingandwearehappyaboutyourrecentdecisiontoofferinadditiontoprimaryandmiddleyearprogramalsothediplomapro-gram. TeamJFTCintheGrandRowingCompetitionofBydgoszczElevenmembersoftheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCstaffcompetedintheDragonBoatRaceheldduringthisyearsGrandRowingCompetitionofBydgoszcz.TheJFTCteamfoughtagainstacrewoftheRegionalPoliceon27September.After2racesofstiffrivalrymanylitersofsweatandagreatdoseoffunthecompetitioncametoanend.ThistimethePoliceturnedouttobestronger.CongratulationstothewinnersAndwehopeforrevengenextyearSlovakNationalHolidaySpeechgivenbyCOLMiroslavFazikTherearemanyNationalHolidaysamongtheJFTCmembernations.UsSlovakscelebratetwoeventsinSeptemberandIwouldliketospeakaboutthem.Slovakiacommemoratesadoptionofitsmodernconstitutionin1stofSeptembersotodaywearecelebratingits22ndanni-versary.Iwouldliketopointoutsomemile-stonesconcerningthisevent.Czechoslovakiaemergedasasov-ereignstateattheendofWorldWarIin1918.ItwasbrieflysplitduringWorldWarIIbeforecomingunderSovietrulein1948.In1968itbecameafederationconsistingoftheCzechSocialistRepublicandtheSlovakSocialistRepublic.CommunistruleinCzechoslovakiawasbroughttoanendin1989asaresultoftheVelvetRevolution.FollowingnegotiationsbetweentheSlovakandCzechleadersthewaywaspavedforthedisbandingofthefederation.Theconstitutionwasadoptedon1September1992andthisactionmeantestablishmentoftheSlovakRepublicasasovereignanddemocraticcountry.InNovember1992thefederalparlia-mentofCzechoslovakiavotedtodissolvethecountryon31December1992.ThustheSlovakRepublicandtheCzechRepublicofficiallybecameseparatecountrieson1January1993.ThiseventhasbeendubbedtheVelvetDivorce.ThesecondeventwewouldliketosharewithyouisrelatedtoourArmedForces.Onthe22Sep-temberwecelebratetheSlovakArmedForcesDay.Letmehigh-lightafewpointsfromhistory.The1848iswell-notedinhistoryasapeakmomentinnationalistsentimentamongEuropeannations.FromMarch1848throughNovember1849theHabsburgAustrianEmpirewasthreatenedbyrevolu-tionarymovements.Muchoftherevolution-aryactivitywasofanationalistcharactertheempireruledfromViennaincludedAustrianGermansHungariansSlovenesPolesCzechsSlovaksRutheniansUkrainiansRo-maniansCroatsItaliansandSerbsallofwhomattemptedinthecourseoftherevo-lutiontoeitherachieveautonomyindepen-denceorevenhegemonyoverothernations.ThisrevolutionaryfeverincludedSlovaksfightingfortheindependencetogetherwithallSlavicnationsinAustro-HungarianEmpireortheHabsburgMonarchy.ThevictoryoftheSlovakVolunteersagainsttheEmperorsunitsintheBrezovapodBradlomBattlein1848isconsideredthestartingpointforfurtherindependenceandfreedommove-mentwhichledtotheIndependentSlovakState.Honorpatriotismwillingnesstoservethenationisthemessagewhichre-mindsusoftheheroesofthe1840sandwhichisstillfreshtoday.ThereforewecelebratethisrespectivedayastheSlovakArmedForcesDay.AllowmecongratulateallSlovakpeo-pleontheseoccasionsinourhistoryandwishthemallthebestfortheyearstocome.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201437 DEUSNRCOLGSKlaus-PeterKiserawardingtheGermanMilitaryBandwhichplayedduringtheNationalDayCeremonyattheJFTC1October201438TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014JFTCBallOneoftheJointForceTrainingCentrestraditionsistheannualballorga-nizedinthesecondpartoftheyear.On27Septembercloseto300membersoftheBydgoszczNATOfamilymetintheOperaNovaHousetoenjoyasplendideveningwhichtraditionallyrepresentsthesummitoftheannualculturalactivitiesorganizedbytheJFTC.Theballwasfullofattractionsperformedbymorethannumerousartistsandmusicians.AlsotheJFTCBallCharityLotteryalreadybecameatradition.EveryyearbeforetheballthewholeBydgoszczNATOCommunitycollectsmoneyforpeopleinneed.Thelotteryticketswereavailableforapproximatelyamonthbeforetheball.Togetherwithticketspeopleboughtchancestowinoneof17basketsfullofnationalproductsprovidedbynationsandunits.ThewinnersenjoyedthebasketsandtheNATOfamilycollectedapproximately7000PLN.GermanOktoberfestatJointForceTrainingCentreTheGermanOktoberfesthasbeenanintegralpartoftheJFTCsince2009.SoeverybodyhadagoodtimeagainthisyeardancingswingingandhavingWeiwurstmincedmeatloafpretzelsandbeer.ThetappingofthebarrelbytheSeniorGermanOfficerColonelG.S.KiserandJFTCCommanderBrigadierGeneralGrabowskimarkedthebeginningofthisGermaneventwhichisbecomingaJFTCtraditiontoo.Some300guestswerehappytoenjoythetastymorselspreparedbysixGermanchefswhohadmadeallthewayfromGermanyespeciallyforthisoccasion.Nowishandnostomachremainedunfulfilled.BesidestheBavarianspecialtiesandthebeerservedKapelaWujaZbychaaPolishtrioandKrzysztofBajerasaDJreallyrockedthetent.Everybodywasdancinglaughingandsimplyhavingagoodtime.SothebottomlineistheGermanOktoberfestatJFTCwasacompletesuccessonceagainthisyear.WearenowlookingforwardtothenextwhenwehaveanotherchancetopresentBavariancultureandpro-motesolidarity.SpecialthanksgototheJFTCSupportUnitwithoutwhosesupportthiseventwouldnothavebeenpossible. HungarianNationalHoliday23OctobercommemoratestheRevolutionof1956whenHungariansroseagainsttheSovietruledcommunistsystem.ItalsocommemoratestheDayoftheRepublicasin1989afterthefallofcommunismHungarywasdeclaredarepublicon23October.TheJFTCHungariancontingentcommemoratedbothanniversarieson27October.TheHungarianRevolutionandUprisingof1956Hungarian1956-osforradalomorfelkelswasaspontaneousnationwiderevoltagainstthegovernmentoftheHungarianPeoplesRepublicanditsSoviet-imposedpolicieslastingfrom23Octoberuntil10November1956.Thoughleader-lesswhenitfirstbeganitwasthefirstmajorthreattoSovietcontrolsincetheforcesofSovietUnionoccupiedEasternEuropeattheendofWorldWarII.DespitethefailureoftheuprisingitwashighlyinfluentialandcametoplayaroleinthedownfalloftheSovietUniondecadeslater.Inahistoricsessionon16-20October1989theParliamentadoptedlegislationprovid-ingformultipartyparliamentaryelectionsandadirectpresidentialelection.Thelegislationtrans-formedHungaryfromaPeoplesRepublicintotheRepublicofHungaryguaranteedhumanandcivilrightsandcreatedaninstitutionalstructurethatensuresseparationofpowersamongthejudicialexecutiveandlegislativebranchesofgovernment.Onthe33rdanniversaryofthe1956Revolution23OctoberthePresidentialCouncilwasdissolved.InaccordancewiththeconstitutionparliamentSpeakerMtysSzrswasnamedprovisionalpresidentandheofficiallyproclaimedtheRepublicofHungary.Therevisedconstitutionalsogaveequalstatustopublicandprivateprop-erty.HungarydecentralizeditseconomyandstrengtheneditstieswithWesternEurope.GermanNationalReunificationDay2014ForGermanpeople3October2014marksthe24thanniversaryofnationalunity.TheGermansdecade-longdesireofovercomingtheriftwithinthecountryhadfinallybeenfulfilledinapeacefulmannersotheycouldliveinauniteddemocraticandsocialconstitutionalstateWhatwillneverbeforgottenishowtheAlliedForcesandinparticularPolandcontributedtotheGermanunityandtoovercomingEuropesdivi-sion.Duringthecelebrationofthishistori-caleventattheJFTCon1October2014theGermanSeniorNationalRepresentativeCOLGSKlaus-PeterKiseremphasizedinhisspeechsomeofthehistoricfacts.Whilethisyearwearealsocommemoratingthe100thanniversaryoftheoutbreakofWorldWarIaswellasthe75thanniversaryofthebeginningofWorldWarIIwhichstarteditsterriblecoursewithGermanyattackingPolandfortunatelywealsohavetorememberjoyfuleventsinthehis-toryofEurope-expansionoftheEUbytenmemberstates10yearsagoaswellas15yearsofNATOmembershipofPolandHungaryandtheCzechRepublic.COLKiserrecognizedtheterribleharmsufferedduringWorldWarsIandIIandmillionswholosttheirlives.ThebrutalitythatprevailedinthetwoWorldWarsisbeyondhumancomprehension.FordecadesEuropeanunificationhadbeenimpossibleduetothedivi-sionofthecontinentofEuropeintoWestandEast.Reconciliationworksoutonlywheredialogispossiblenotwherewallsseparatethepeople.GermanFederalChancellorWillyBrandtwasoneofthepathbreakersseekingforgivenessbyanunforgottengestureWillyBrandtkneelinginfrontoftheGhettoHeroesMonumentinWarsawon7December1970WarsawGenuflectionwillremaininourmemoriesforever.ThisishowWillyBrandtsoughtforgivenessforthecrimescommittedbyNationalSocialismandacknowledgedthespecialresponsibilityforthemillionsofHolocaustvictims.TheBerlinWallfell25yearsago.BlockconfrontationoftheColdWarcametoanend.InhisspeechCOLKiserstressedthattheGermanReunificationwouldhavebeenunimaginablewithouttheEuropeanFreedomMovement.StepbystepSolidarnohasfoughtforitsownfreedomandbydoingsoultimatelyforthefreedomofallofus.HepointedoutthatSolidarnohaditsbravestsup-portershereinBydgoszcz.ItwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutMikhailGorbachevwhointhewakeoftheGlasnostandPerestroikadis-missedtheideaofSovietclaimtopowerandruleoverothercountries.NorwithouttheHungarianGovernmentthatwasthefirsttoopentheirbor-ders.AndaboveallnotwithoutthegreathelpfromourfriendsintheUSAFranceandGreatBritainwhothenhadexpressedtheirconfidenceagreeingtoGermanreunification.COLKiserespeciallyemphasizedhowPolandHungaryandmanyotherstatesonaccountoftheirunbendingwilltowardsfreedomfinallycontributedtoGermanreunificationandfar-sightedstatesmenhelpedtoovercomethefearsandresistanceandenabledlifeinpeacefreedomandself-determination.EvenJohnPaulIImadeadecisivecontributionbydeliveringhishistoricspeechesandindoingsobackingupthefreedomfightersbyshoutingouttothemBenotafraidCOLKiserendedhisspeechwiththeseremarksTodaysEuropeisthefulfillmentofthedreamsofmanygenerationsofEuropeans.Butitisalsosomethingnottobetakenforgranted.WehaveeveryreasontodefendthisEuropeaswellasthebasicvaluesofourstatesasourgreatestEuropeanculturalachievement.Thisdifferenti-atesourcontinentmorethananythingelsefromothercontinentsforitharborsvaluesthatmakeuptheEuropeanwayoflife.Letusallbeproudofwhathasbeenachieved.Butwearenotdoneyet.ItisaboutpreservingfreedomandwhoshouldknowthisanybetterthanusattheJFTCItisourdailytasktotrainsoldiersandNATOmemberssotheycancontributetheirsharetowardssecuringpeaceandfreedomwheneverandhoweverrequired.Weproceedbravelyandconfidently.Thepast25yearshavedemonstratedwhatwearejointlycapableofachieving.Forallthatweareinfinitelygrateful.ToourcommonfutureTransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201439 40TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December2014PolishIndependenceDayOn7NovembertheJFTCcommunitycel-ebratedthePolishIndependenceDay.IthasalreadybecomeatraditionthatthecentrecommemoratesthePolishNationalHolidaywithanofficialceremonyandalsowiththePolishIndependenceDayRun.Soitwasthistime.TheofficialceremonywasheldbyBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskitheJFTCCommander.SpeechgivenbyLTCLeszekOlszewskiAttheendofthe17thcenturyPolandoneofthebiggestandmostpowerfulcoun-triesofEuropeatthattimeacountrywithalmosteight-hundredyearhistorydisap-pearedfromthemapofEurope.ThecountrydividedbythreepowersRussiaPrussiaandAustrialostitsindependence.For123yearstocomePolishpatriotsmadenumerousattemptstorestoretheloststatehood.AtthebeginningtheyplacedtheirfaithintheFrenchemperorNapoleonBonaparteandcreatedPolishLegionsinItaliansoil.ThefirstwordsofournationalanthemwhichexpressthewilltoreturnfromItaliansoiltoPolandcomefromthisperiod.Twonationaluprisingsthathappenedlaterin1830-31and1863-64didnotbringbackthelostindependence.PolishpatriotstookpartinalmostallnationalliberationmovementsofEuropeofthattimewiththemottoForourfreedomandyours.Itwasonlytheendofthe1stWorldWarthatledtothecollapseofthethreepow-ersandtheoldorderinEuropeandfinallycreatedconditionstorestorethestate.On11November1918after123yearsPolandre-appearedonthemapofEuropeasaninde-pendentstate.Unfortunatelyafteranother20yearsthenationagainlostitsindependenceandeventhoughitregainedin1945itwaswith-outsovereignty.In1989somebodyinEuropesaidthatPolandjoinedthefamilyoffreenations.ThistruthhoweverisnotcompletePolanddidnotjointhatfamilybuthadreturnedtoit.Ihopeforever.Ceremoniescom-memorating11thNovemberforFrenchcontingentFrenchcontingentcommemoratedtheendofthe1stWorldWaron11thNovemberattheoldestCitycemeteryinBydgoszczCmentarzStarofarnywhereFrenchsoldierswhohaddiedinthe1870Franco-PrussianWarwereburied.Thecommemoratingcere-monychairedbytheFrenchSeniorNationalRepresentativeColonelCharlesSevintookplaceaseveryyearon11thNovemberandgatheredFrenchpersonnelfromtheJFTCand3rdNSBwiththeirfamiliesandwasattendedbyseveralCityrepresentatives.ThedayaftersomemembersoftheFrenchcontingentwenttotheFrenchMilitaryCemeteryinGdasktoparticipateintheofficialceremonyorganizedandchairedbyFrenchEmbassyinWarsaw.PhotosCourtesyofMs.AleksandraRumiska 2013BeaujolaisnouveauattheJFTCItisatraditioninFranceintheBeaujolaiswine-producingareanearLyonthatonthe3rdThursdayofNovemberthenewlyharvestedandslightlyfermentedredwineBeaujolaisNouveauisreleasedandtasted.ThiseventhastakenplacealsoattheJFTCthankstotheFrenchcontingentsince2010.On27thNovember2013theFrenchcontingentinvitedalltheJFTCpersonnelcivilianandmilitarytothiswinetastingcelebration.TheFrenchSeniorNationalRepresentativeSNRColonelCharlesSevinopenedtheeventandunderlineditasanopportunityforeveryonetoenjoytypicalFrenchfoodaswinewasaccompaniedbycheeseandcharcuterie.ForthisoccasionmusiciansfromtheArmyTransmissionMilitaryBandinVersaillesperformedsev-eralFrenchclassicmelodies.ThefollowingdayFrenchSNRhostedaneveningprestigeconcertco-performedbythemilitaryFrenchbandandTorunmilitarybanddowntownBydgoszczwithseveralmilitaryandcivilianauthori-ties.Asimilareventtookplacealsoayearlaterin2014.PolishPresidentVisitstheFlagshipofPolandinNATOOn12NovemberonedayafterthePolishIndependenceDayPolishPresidentBronisawKomorowskivisitedtheJFTCinBydgoszcz.TheJFTCCommanderBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiintroducedtheguesttotheJFTCandpresentedtothePresidentthedistinctanduniquerolethattheJFTCplayedwithinNATOfocusingonjointandcombinedtrainingatthetacticallevel.AttheendofhisvisitthePresidentunderlinedthattheBydgoszczcentrewasaflag-shipofPolandinNATOandatthesametimeaflagshipofNATOinPolandandalsoaflagshipofBydgoszcz.Hepointedoutthathisvisitwasachancetocheckinpracticetowhatextentpoliti-caldecisionstakenattheNewportSummitweretransferredintofunctioningofvariousNATOstructuresincludingtrainingstructures.PhotosWojciechOlkunikCourtesyoftheChancelleryofthePresidentoftheRepublicofPolandTransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo6December201441 PUBLICATIONGUIDELINES1.ThearticlesshouldbesubmittedinEnglish2.Thearticlesshouldbe1000-5000wordslong3.ThearticlesshouldbedeliveredaselectronicfilesonaCDDVDtothefollowingaddressJointForceTrainingCentreul.Szubiska285-915BydgoszczPolandorsentviaane-mailtothefollowingaddresspaojftc.nato.int4.ThearticlesshouldbewritteninMicrosoftWordformatsingle-spacedTimesNewRomanfont12sizeA4papersize5.PhotossentasanillustrationforthearticlesshouldbesentinJPEGfilesminimum500KB6.Theauthorofthearticleshouldprovidetheeditorwithashortinformationabouthisprofessionacademictitleprofessionalaffiliationandcontactdetails.