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2TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014TABLEOFCONTENTS1610YearsofTransformationThroughTraining24EvolutionofISAFPre-DeploymentTraining299YearsofKandakMilitaryAdvisorTeamTraining31JFTCRe-engagesinNCSNFSPreparationLOYALBONUS1334WhiteCell-TheImportanceofExternalSupport37TrainingSupportDivision-YesterdayTodayTomorrow40TheConnectedForcesInitiative-BalancingTransformationinaPeriodofAusterity43ConnectingSimulationandTrainingCentresConferencewithintheConnectedForcesInitiative44ASuccessfulDecadeofHQSupportDevelopment46Counter-TerrorismPoliciestheCosttotheWest51FutureForcesExhibition-Prague201453JFTCRecentEvents58JFTCLeadership31375356342916 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May20143TransformationThroughTrainingTheaimofthismagazineistoprovideaforumforexchangeofinformationandexpertiseamongtrain-ingandeducationalinstitutionsacrossNATOintheareaoftrainingmilitaryprofessionaleducationandrelatedtechnologicalsupport.InthecontextofTheNATOSmartDefenseapproachthereisgrow-ingimportanceforcooperationwithpartnerstatesandinternationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationstheEuropeanUniontheOrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropeandothers.WiththeaboveinmindtheJFTCinvitesauthorsfromcountriesandinstitutionsbeyondtheNATOenvi-ronmenttopublishintheTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine.Themagazinewillfocusonthebestpracticesintheareasofcommandandstafftrainingprofessionalmilitaryeducationsimulationsandsimulationtechnologiesdistributedtrainingmilitarytrainingdevelopmentandotherrelatedareas.TheJFTCalsowelcomesrecommendationsfortheapplicationofthemostrecentexperienceandlessonslearnedfromongoingoperationstrainingeventsandrecentinnovationsinthefieldofsimula-tionsandinformationtechnologies.ThemagazinewillalsobrieflycoverthelifeoftheinternationalcommunityattheJFTCwiththeaimofpromotingthecentrewithinNATOandamongthepartnernations.ThemagazinewillbepublishedtwiceayearduringthespringandfallbytheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszcz.ThearticlespublishedinthismagazinerepresentopinionsoftheirauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpolicyofNATO.ScantheQRcodewithyourmobiledevice.ThiswilltakeyoutothearchiveofTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine.PublishingInstitutionJointForceTrainingCentreBydgoszczJFTCManagingdirectorBrigadierGeneralLszlSZABJFTCDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffAssistantEditorLtC.ChristianvonPLATENJFTCPublicAffairsOfficerEditorialBoardMrs.KamilaSIERZPUTOWSKAPhDKazimierzWielkiUniversityPolandBGIng.JaromrZNAMSc.PhDDirectoroftheLogisticsAgencyArmyoftheCzechRepublicAdvisoryCommitteeMaj.JacekLASHMANNJFTCInformationManagerMs.RadosawaKUBICZEKPublicAffairsSpecialistMr.TomaszOCISKIJFTCLanguageSpecialistEditorialContactInformationPublicAffairsOfficeJointForceTrainingCentreul.Szubiska2Bydgoszcz85-915Poland.E-mailpaojftc.nato.intJFTC2012ISSN2084-8358 4TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014AstheCommanderoftheJointForceTrainingCentreIamproudtopresenttoyouthisspecialeditionoftheTransformationThroughTrainingmagazinemarkingthe10thanniversaryoftheJFTC.WiththisSpecialIssuewewanttolookbackatfromwherewestartedwherewearetodayandwhatourfuturetaskswillbeasweareenteringtheseconddecadeoftrainingNATOtacticalforces.WhenIlookatthewholeJFTChistory-fromitsmodestbeginningsinthebuildingsatDwernickiegoStreetgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishArmedForcestoourfullyoperationalstate-of-the-arttrainingfacilityatSzubinskaStreetitiscleartomethatthiscentrewillcontinuetoplayakeyroleinfocusingonjointandcombinedtrainingatthetacticallevel.SincetheveryfirstconferenceheldattheJFTCinAugust2004aimingatdevelopingaplantotakeJointWarfareCentreJointForceTrainingCentreandJointAnalysisandLessonsLearnedCentretoFullOperationalCapabilityandbeyondtheJFTChasbeenontheAlliancemapandhasevolvedimmensely.WhentheJFTCwasinauguratedon25June2004formerSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationU.S.NavyAdmiralEdmundP.GiambastianiJr.saidChangesthatusedtotakeNATOyearstoimplementarenowtakingplaceinmonths.ThesechancesandthesenseofurgencyaccompanyingthemarebothwiseandnecessaryforthenewNATOthatweneedinthe21stcentury.Militarywisdomalsodictatesthatwemusttrainaswefight.AfteronlyafewmonthsasCommanderoftheJFTCIcanfeelthatinthisteamofdedicatedcapablepersonnelthesenseofflexibilityisfullypresenttomasterthechallengesoftomorrow.TheJFTCisasmallorganizationwithonlyabout130militaryandcivilianworkingtogetherbutIamconvincedthattheyareprovidingthebestvalueformoneyinNATOespeciallyasthefirstNATOinstitutioninPolandandalsointheareaofthenewmemberstatesthatjoinedNATOafterthecollapseoftheWarsawPact.ItismycommitmentastheCommandertomovethiscentreforwardandtocontinuetheexcellentworkwhichhasbeenaccomplishedundermypredecessors.ThefirstCommanderthenDirectorDanishArmyMajorGeneralPeterKhneltogetherwiththetwofirstDeputyDirectorsandHostNationLiaisonOfficers-BrigadierGeneralBronisawKwiatkowskiandBrigadierGeneralTadeuszBukwhoperishedintheplanecrashnearSmolenskinApril2010werethedrivingforcebehindtheinitialBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiPolishArmyTheJFTCCommander TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May20145stepstoestablishastate-of-the-arttrainingfacilityfortheJFTC.HissuccessorsDanishArmyMajorGeneralsAgnerRokosandIbBageropenedthenewbuildingsfortrainingpurposesandbroughtBydgoszczontheNATOmapastheplacewhereNATO-centralisedtrainingontacticallevelaswellasexperimentationisconducted.UndermyimmediatepredecessorSlovakArmyMajorGeneralPavelMackothecentrematuredandenlargeditsportfolio.ItcontinuedtoplayakeyroleinISAFpre-deploymenttrainingconductedtrainingeventsforNATOCommandStructureNATOForceStructureandNationalForcesHeadquartersandbecamethehomeoftheCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExerciseaneventwhichembracestheSmartDefenceconceptandtheConnectedForcesInitiativebypoolingandsharingresourcesamongstNATOandPartnerforces.WewillbuildontheachievementsofmypredecessorsandtheirstaffsaswecontinuetoplayanimportantroleinNATOstransformationalprocess.Bytheendof2014theISAFmissioninAfghanistanwillhaveendedand-dependingonthepoliticalguidancewillbefollowedbytheResoluteSupportMission.AcoupleofweeksagotheJFTChastakenovertherespon-sibilityofallmissionrelatedtrainingandwillfocusonTrainAdviseandAssistrolesassignedwithinMinistriesInstitutionsandattheCorpslevelaswellastheCommandandControlfunctionfromin-theatreResoluteSupportHeadquarterstoRegionalTrainAdviseandAssistCommands.BeingassignedasoneoftheOfficersdirectinga3-tierdistributedComputerAssistedCommandPostExercisesupportedfromseverallocationsontwoContinentswillbeanewmile-stoneinthehistoryoftheJFTC.NATOcentralisedpre-deploymenttrainingforongoingoperationswillremainourmainresponsibilityforthenearfuture.AdditionallytheJFTCwillcontinuetoplayanactiveroleintheimplementationoftheConnectedForcesInitiativetoensurefutureNATOtrainingremainsrelevantandencompassesinteroperabilityofpersonnelsystemsandtraining.ConductingexperimentationorprovidingtrainingtheJFTCisattheveryheartoftheAlliancesaspirations.TheCentresmottoTransformationThroughTrainingwillalsointhefuturereflectitsmissionastheimportanceoftrainingandexperimentationgrows.IamveryproudtobetheCommanderoftheJFTCandhopethatthelectureofthisMagazinewillhelpyoutosharemyfeelings. 6TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014OntheoccasionoftheJointForceTrainingCentrestenthanniversaryIwouldliketoexaminethecentressuccessfulpastandexaminetheclearlinkstothebrightfuturethatliesaheadforallJointForceTrainingCentrestafflivingintheirsceniccityofBydgoszcz.IknowthatboththecityofBydgoszczandtheirhostnationofPolandfullyembraceandareextremelysupportiveofthisNATOcentre.TwentyyearsagoourforceswerepredominantlyColdWarorientated.Thenafundamentalshiftoccurredthatrequiredatransformationofourforcesandstructuresatthesametimethattheyenteredaperiodofconstantuseovertwodecadesofconflictstartinginthe1990sinpartinresponsetotheturmoilintheBalkansandcontinuedtothepresentday.NATOhashadacentralroleinthattransformationandtheJointForceTrainingCentreisamanifestationofthatconstantrequirementtobeoperationallyreadyatthebestlevel.TheJointForceTrainingCentrestartedon31March2004inbuildingsonDwernickiegoStreetandmovedinSeptember2009toitsnewsimulationcentreonSzubinskaStreet.OfficiallytheJointForceTrainingCentrefocusesonjointandcombinedtrainingofNATOforcesatthetacticallevelinparticularontheconductoftacticaltrain-ingtoachievejointinteroperabilityatkeyinterfaces.HoweverthoseofficialwordsintroducethewiderangingandoperationallyfocusednatureoftheJointForceTrainingCentrespastactivities.TheseaccomplishmentsarewellrecognisedacrosstheAllianceandalmostexclusivelyduetothetalentedmenandwomenofthecentrewhoadaptdailytonewdevelopmentsandworkeffectivelywiththewiderNATOcommunity.TheJointForceTrainingCentrehasprimarilybeenactivelyinvolvedinthepre-deploymenttrainingforNATOandothertroopcontributingNationsdeployingtoISAF.ThecentrehasdevelopedandmanagedtrainingeventsforadvisorsatdifferentlevelsfromBattalionuptoCorps.Asofmid-2014theJointForceTrainingCentresrolewillfurtherincrease.FortheupcomingNATOfollow-onmissioninAfghanistanResoluteSupportBydgoszczwillbecomethehubofallNATOpre-deploymenttraining.ContinuousintegrationofAfghanpersonnelintotheNATOtrainingeventsandafocusonadvisortrainingwillmaketheJointForceTrainingCentreanexpertcentreforsecurityforceassistancerelatedmatters.TheCentrealsoprovidessupportandexpertisetoavarietyofotheraudiences.ItcooperateswithnationaltrainingcentresincludingPartnershipforPeacePfPTrainingCentresandCentresofExcellencerunscoursessuchasthosetocounterIEDsImprovisedExplosiveDeviceshostseventssuchasCWIXCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityeXplorationeXperimentationandeXaminationeXerciseandcontinuestobroadenitslinkswiththetrainingoftheNATOResponseForceComponentCommands.ThewideruseofthissophisticatedtrainingcentreissomethingIverymuchencourage.IfthereisonethingcertainabouttheJointForceTrainingCentresfutureitwillbetheneedtocontinuetoInnovateandTransform.TheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFIcarriesacomplexambitiousbutachievablefutureexerciseprogrammewefacesupportedbythebetteruseofouravailabletechnologyandtheintegrationofnewinformationtechnology.CFIhasapriceandmuchofthatwillfallontheJointForceTrainingCentretogetherwithitssistertrainingorganisationinNorwaytheJointWarfareCentrebutourclearaimremainstoprovidetheAlliancewithReadyandInteroperableforces.IhavefullconfidenceintheJointForceTrainingCentresprovenabilitytomeetthisaimandprovidehighqualityandfullspectrumtrainingthroughcredibleexercisesthatconstantlyadapttotheneedsofourNationsforces.IwouldliketofinishbywishingtheJointForceTrainingCentreaveryhappy10thbirthday.Jean-PaulPalomrosFrenchAirForceTheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationSACT TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May20147DearReadersTheissueoftheTransformationThroughTrainingmagazineyouareholdinginyourhandsisaspecialoneasitiscomingoutonthe10thanniversaryofestablishingtheJointForceTrainingCentre.When10yearsagohereinBydgoszcztheJFTCbeganitsoperationforPolandthatwasasourceofpride.AfterfiveyearsofourpresenceinNATOtheAlliancedecidedthatitwouldbePolandwhereoneofitstrainingcentreswouldbelocated.Forusitwasaproofthatthefirstfiveyearshadnotbeenwasted.OntheotherhandhoweveritwasachallengeandresponsibilitybecausewewerehostsforaninstitutionthattosomeextentstartedfromscratcheventhoughithadbeenmodeledonsimilarcentresoperatinginotherAlliancesstates.WedidourbestIhopesuccessfullytocreateasgoodconditionsaspossibleforittooperate.LookingatwhattheJFTCfacilitylooksliketodayandwhatthereputationofthestaffisIthinkwecancongratulateourselvesonthejobwelldone.FirstofalltheJFTCispeoplewhothroughtheireverydayserviceandworkmakeitanappreciatedandimportantinstitutionacrossNATO.ThisistheplacewheretheAlliancesideathateverymemberhasequalrightscomestrue.Togetherwecreateamultinationalandmulticulturalfamilywhosepriorityissecurity.The10thanniversaryisthetimeforamomentofreflection.Thatwasthetimewhenwemanagedtoknowoneanotherbettertolearnhowtocooperateandrespectnationalfactors.ThousandsofsoldiersofdifferentranksandspecialtieshavepassedthroughtheJFTCsdoorsovertheyears.ItwasinBydgoszczwheretheyimprovedtheirknowledgeofhowNATOoperatesgettingtoknowthepowerandthefeelingofalliedsolidarity.ForPolanditisagreatchancenotonlytohostaNATOinstitutiononitsterritorybutalsotoinfluencethewayitfunctionsandtotreatitasanexampletofollow.ItcanbeopenlystatedthatourtrainingconceptandapproachtothealliedcooperationmaturedalongwiththegrowingreputationoftheJFTC.TodayPolandisanactiveNATOmemberandtheJFTC-aleaderamongNATOinstitutionsinEurope.ManyPolishofficerssuccessfullyusetheknowledgeacquiredinBydgoszczinpractice.APolishgeneralWojciechGrabowskiistheJFTCcommanderduringtheanniversaryperiod.ThisshowsthatthecentrehaswellintegratedintoourPolishscenery.FortheofficersservingattheJFTCandtheirfamiliesBydgoszczandPolandhavebecomeimportantplaces.ThisyearsanniversaryisanoccasiontoexpressthankstoallpeoplerelatedtotheJFTCthankstowhomourNATOfamilyisintegrating.Idohopethatasithasbeensofarforthestaffstraininghereitwillbeanunusualplacewherenexttoasubstantialdoseofknowledgeandskillstheywillfeelanextratiethatshouldandthatunitesusallmembersofthegreatmilitaryallyfamily.TomaszSiemoniakTheMinisterofNationalDefenceoftheRepublicofPoland 8TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014LadiesandGentlemenDearReadersIn2014wearecelebratinginourcountryanniversariesofeventsthatfromthepointofviewofgeopoliticsandcivilizationwereepoch-makingchangesforPolandandforPoles.25yearsagothesocietydecidedaboutthenewpositionofPolandintheinternationalarenatakingpartinthefirstpartlyfreeelections.OurreturntothefamilyofthedemocraticstatesofEuropewassealedwithourmembershipintheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationandtheEuropeanUnion.TheybecamepillarsofPolishsecurityinitsdifferentdimensions.FullmembershipinthemodernworldsbiggestmilitaryallianceisofuniquesignificanceforussincePolandisaNATOborderstateandremainsabeneficiaryofpositivepoliticalandeconomicchangesinEurope.AmongthemilitaryinstitutionsactiveintheKujawsko-PomorskieprovincetheJointForceTrainingCentreholdsaprominentposition.Establishingthiscentre10yearsagointhecityandregionproudofrichmilitarytraditionswasasignificanteventforus.Wewereverygladandwelcomedthisasaformofawardandtrustinusandalsoemphasizingtheneedandimportanceofcontinualtrainingofprofessionalofficerstaffinmodernarmedforces.Weareawareespeciallyinsituationsofthreatofgeopoliticalinstabilityhowprecioussecuritybasedondialogcooperationandkeepinghighlevelofdefencecapabilitiesis.MywordsofappreciationgototheJointForceTrainingCentreandthroughthisinstitutiontoNATOcommunityforyourcareinassuringthesenseofsecurityandyoureffortsfocusedonshapingthemodernfaceandreadinessofthearmedforces.Ontheoccasionofthe10thanniversaryIwanttherespectandbenevolencetoaccompanytheJFTCcommandandofficerseveryday.IalsowishyoupersonalhappinessandsuccessinimprovingskillsandcapabilitiesofNATOarmiesthatstrengthenourcommondefenseandsecurity.Mrs.EwaMesTheVoivodeoftheKujawsko-PomorskieRegion TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May20149LadiesandGentlemenWearecelebratingtwoanniversariesrelatedtoarmedforcesandimportanttoourregion15yearsofPolandsmembershipintheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationand10thanniversaryofestablishingtheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszcz.Thelatteriscloselyrelatedtothefirstone.ThedateofouraccessiontoNATOalongwiththeCzechRepublicandHungarythatjoinedatthesametimeisabreakthroughinthemodernhistoryofourpartofEurope.EnlargementoftheAlliancefacilitatedacompletechangetotheworldsecuritysystemchangedthepoliticalalliancesinthecentral-easternpartofthecontinent.ThemembershipinthebiggestandstrongestallianceintheworldmadePolandasecurecountrywhichisperceivedasareliableandtrustworthypartnerandally.Polisharmybecameaprofessionalarmylessnumerousbutmuchbetterequippedandtrained.TheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszczhasplayedaninvaluableroleintheprocessofevolution.PossibilityofjointtrainingandsharingexperiencesbetweenNATOsoldiersfromdifferentcountriesisakeyelementforbuildingstabilityandpartnership.TheKujawsko-PomorskieisaregionofastrongmilitarytraditionwheremattersrelatedtothearmyhavebeenandwillbeimportantnotonlybecauseourregionisthehomeofimportantNATOstructuresandmilitaryunitswhosesoldiersarethestaffofthestabilitymissionsallovertheworldbutalsobecausedefenseindustryisanimportantpartofoureconomy.ItisanhonorforourregiontohostonoursoilsoldierstrainingattheJFTCwhoserveintheAlliancearmies.Historyisnotoveryeteverydayitcreatesnewchallenges.Wemustbereadytofacethemwemustbestrong.TheJFTCisanimportantelementofthesecuritysysteminEuropeandintheworld.LetmeheartilycongratulateandthankallthepersonnelandallthosewhowearuniformsandparticipateintraininginourregionforyourdedicatedserviceontheoccasionoftheanniversaryonbehalfofmyselfandcitizensoftheRegion.Mr.PiotrCabeckiTheMarshaloftheKujawsko-PomorskieRegion 10TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014LadiesandGentlemendearSoldierscelebratingaveryspecialJubileeTenyears-fullofconstructivecooperationandvaluableexperienceshasmarkedthetimeofeffectiverelationsbetweentheJointForceTrainingCentreNATOandtheCityofBydgoszcz.Todayeveryonecelebratingtheanniversarycanbeproudandderivegreatsatisfactionfromfruitfullyfulfilledtimeandachievedgoals.FifteenyearsagowhenPolandjoinedtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationarmedforcesofourcountryfacednewchallengesnewcommitmentsandperspectives.CreatedfiveyearslaterJointForceTrainingCentreundertooktheseimportanttransformationtasksofAlliancemissionfosteringthebestdefencepotentialanddevelopmentoftheoperationalmilitarycapabilities.BydgoszczhadthehonourtobecometheplaceofcreationofthefirstPolishNATOunit.Thelandscapeofourcityispermanentlybeinginscribedwiththeviewofsoldiersfromthemembercountrieswhoimprovetheirknowledgeandskillsinourcity.Everyyearmorethan1000officersarrivefortrainingsincludingcommandersinvolvedinthedeploymentofsecurityintheMiddleEast.Thisefficientservicetoguaranteethestabil-ityandsecurityofNATOcountriesisaprideofthecitystrengthensitspositionandmilitarypotential.Worldeventsshowthatthepowerofastateismeasuredbythestrengthofitsdefencecapabilities.Thispowerisconstantlyandsuccessfullygaininginvalueandbythecombinedactionsprovideuswithasenseofsecurityandstability.JFTCfulfilsaveryimportantmissionthroughtraininganddisseminatingthelatesttechnologiesandsolutionsinthefieldofoperationsatthetacticallevel.TheimportanceofNATOsroleinPolandcannotbeoverestimated.ThecountrysaccessiontotheTreatybegantheprocessofintegrationandexpansionofsomuchneededglobalsolidarityaswellasthePartnershipforPeace.10yearsisabeautifulanniversary.IthasbeenputdowninthegloriousannalsofBydgoszczbymutualcommitmentandfruitfulcooperationwhich-Ihope-willbesuccessfullycontinued.Theanniversaryisalsoanopportunityforsummarisingthepastandsettingnewambitioustargets.IamconvincedthattheCentrewillfaceuptoalldemand-ingtasksthatthefuturewillbring.Theachievedsuccesseseffectivelyimplementedpracticesandconfirmedprofessionalismarethebestguarantee-guaranteeoffurtherdynamicdevelopment.Iwishallco-creatorsofJFTCasenseofprideandsatisfactionfromachievementswhichhavebeengainedthankstojoiningcommonforcesforthesakeofsafetycontinuousstabilityandprotection.Letglobalandregionalsolidaritybethevaluesthataccompanyallyourfutureundertakings.Allthebestforthecomingyearsofworkandfurthersuccessfulactivities.Ibelievethatwewillcelebratetogethermanymorebeautifulanniversariesinthefuture.Mr.RafaBruskiTheMayorofBydgoszcz TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201411MajorGeneralret.PeterKhnelDanishArmyThe1stJFTCDirectorIamdeeplygratefulforthispossibilitytocontributetothecongratulationstotheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTContheoccasionofitstenyearsanniversary.Inthebeginningof2004theDanishChiefofDefenseGeneralJesperHelsoeinformedmethat-pendingNATOapproval-heintendedtoordermetotakethepositionoftheCommanderformallyDirectoroftheJFTCinBydgoszczPoland.Shortlyafteron10MarchthesameyearIpaidmyfirstvisittoBydgoszczandtoWarsaw.InBydgoszczIwasreceivedbyateamoftenPolishOfficersandNCOstheJFTCImplementationTeam.Theteamhadalreadybeenworkingforsometimetoestablishthephysicalframesfortheinitialcentreandtheydidasplendidjob.DuringthevisitIparticularlynotedtheextremelywarmwelcomebyallPolishauthoritiesandbythepress.Thiswasthefirstindicationofthededicatedsupportandhelpwereceivedinthefollowingyears.TheJFTCwasthefirstNATOinstallationeastoftheformerIronCurtainandwehadtobeawarethatJFTCdevelopmentwasfollowedcloselybymanydifferentpartiesinandoutsidePoland.TheJFTCwasofficiallyactivatedon31March2004andtheinaugurationceremonytookplaceonthe25June.InmyperiodastheDirectorfrom2004totheendof2006theJFTCusedthebarracksofthePomeranianMilitaryDistrictcommandedbyMajorGeneralZbigniewGlowienkaandIrecallthiscooperationwithgratitude.AsthecentresmanpowerquicklygrewIwasblessedwithhighlydedicatedandcompetentsoldiersandcivilianswhomadeitpossibletopursueboththebuild-upofthenewtrainingcentreandtostartthetrainingofheadquartersforbothNATOReactionForceComponentCommandsandRegionalCommandsinISAFaswellasOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamsforISAF.ThePolishestablishedSupportUnitprovidedsuperbsupport.NotonlytheemployeesofJFTCbutcertainlyalsotheirfamiliescontributedsignificantlytobuildtheJFTCfamily.AswehadverylimitedtrainingcapabilitiesinBydgoszczwewerefortunatethatGeneralB.B.BellcommanderoftheUSArmyinEuropeestablishedapossibilitytousetheUStrainingfacilitiesinGrafenwhrGermanyandprovidedinvaluableexpertisefromhisowntrainingorganizationinthefirstchallengingyears.Alsothecoopera-tionwithourpartnersintheAlliedCommandTransformationJJJTheJointWarfareCentreandtheJointAnalysisandLessonsLearnedCentrehelpedusdevelopthenecessarytoolsandproceduresfortheTransformationthroughTraining.Allowmetospecificallymentionafewkeypersonsfromthefirsttwoyears.AsdeputycommandersIwasprivilegedwiththeBrigGensBronislawKwiatkowskiandTadeuszBukbothPOLA.Twoexcellentofficerswhotragicallydiedintheplanecrashfewyearslater.Ishallalwaysmissthem.AsChiefsofStaffIhadthreeotherfineBrigGensSimeonSimeonovBULAFConstantinPopovBULAFandPanagiotisMavropoulosGREA.TogetherwiththestaffandtheSupportUnittheymademyperiodastheDirectorJFTConeofthebestinmy40yearsofservice.IhavefollowedthedevelopmentofJFTCovertheyearsandlookingattheprofessionalleveloftrainingandtheextraordinaryfacilitiesinthetrainingcentreinSzubinskaStreetitmakesmeproudtohavebeenapartoftheinitialendeavor.ToallpresentandformermembersoftheJFTCfamilyIsendmywarmcongratulations. 12TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014WritingthesewordsabouttheJointForceTrainingCentreimmediatelysendsmebacktothatdayinNovember2006whenIcametoBydgoszczforthefirsttime.Inrapidsuccessionothermemoriescamebacktome...celebratingthefirstInternationalDayattheJFTCtemporarylocationinMay2007travellingwidelythroughoutEuropeandacrosstheAtlanticin2007and2008todelivertrainingwhileatthesametimeworkinghardtocompletethepermanenttrainingfacilityinBydgoszczandthedayinlate2008whentheJFTCfinallyhaditsfirsttrainingeventatthenewtrainingfacilitywiththeheadquartersatSzubinskaStreetyettobefullycompletedbeforetheJFTCstaffcouldmovetherefromDwernickiegoStreet.Thereisasayingthatitisthechallengesyoumeetthatwillmakeyourlifeinterestingandthatitisthechallengesyouovercomethatwillmakeyourlifemeaningful.TheJFTCwascertainlybothaninterestingandameaningfulplacetoworkinthoseyears.WhenIarrivedtheJFTCwasinitsinfantstage.Withinthenexttwoyearsitalmostmovedtoadulthoodbecomingaverypromisingteenager.Sincethentheteenagerhasmovedforwardintofulladulthoodallthetimeenhancingitsabilitytoprovidehigh-qualitytrainingintunewithshiftingrequirements.AsatisfiedcustomercomesbackagainandtheJFTCscustomershaveindeeddonejustthat.AndevenmorecustomershavecomealongmotivatedbytherelevanceandqualityofthetrainingattheJFTC.TheJFTCwasestablishedtosupportjointtrainingfortacticallevelstaffsheadquartersandforceswithspecialemphasisonsingleservicecomponentcommandheadquartersfortheNATOResponseForce.Alreadyin2006emergentrequirementstodelivertrainingforcurrentoperationsledtoasignificantshiftinprioritiesandin2007and2008trainingwerealmostexclusivelyprovidedtohelppreparestaffsandspecialisedteamsdeployingtotheISAFmissioninAfghanistan.Thistrendcontinuedin2009.ThedecisiontoestablishtheJFTCmarkedanewconceptforNATOtrainingandexerciseswherecommandersofheadquartersandstaffswouldbesupportedbyspecialisedtrainersleavingthemfreetosettherequirementsandthenfocusontheoperationalperformanceandoutcomesduringthetraining.Thisconceptisespeciallyrelevantforapre-missiontraining.AspecialfeatureoftheJFTCisthecomprehensiveexerciseenvironmentincludingthetechnicalplatformwiththenewestinformationtechnologyandtrainingsimulationtools.Establishingthenewtrainingfacilitywasachallengingundertakingandmorethanoncewell-laidplanswerecompletelyoverturnedbyunforeseeneventsordelaysbuteachtimewithoutfailevenatshortnoticetheJFTCwasabletorescheduleprogrammesdeployanddeliverplannedtrainingatborrowedfacilitiesbothinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Whenmytimewasupinearly2009IwassurprisedbythereluctanceIfelthavingtoleavetheJFTC.ThisfeelingofreluctancewhichIamsureothershavesharedwithmeovertheyearsspeakshighlytotheuniquenessoftheJFTC.IhavehadtheopportunitytocomebacktoBydgoszczacoupleoftimessinceIlefttheJFTCandithasbeenapleasuretoseehowalltheideasplansandhardworkhavecomeintofruition.HowevernoneofthesewouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutconsiderableeffortfromtheHostNationandthecityofBydgoszcz.Oneshouldnotunderesti-matethechallengeslinkedwithsuccessfullyhostinganinternationalorganisationsuchasaNATOheadquartersandthefoundationhasbeenprovidedbypeopleworkingbehindthescenesatthehostnationandthecityofBydgoszcz.LetmeconcludebycongratulatingeverybodyinvolvedstaffsupportunitandCISsquadronpersonnelonthefirsttenyearsoftheJFTCshistoryandwishthewholeJFTCfamilyinBydgoszczmanymoreinterestingandmeaningfulyearstocome.MajorGeneralAgnerRokosDanishArmyThe2ndJFTCDirector TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201413FirstofallletmeexpressmysincerecongratulationstotheJFTConits10thanniversary.Itisagreatachievementeventhoughtheroadtoitwasnotalwayseasy.SecondlyIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetotheCommanderforinvitingmetosharewithabroaderaudiencesomeobservationsfrommytimeinthechair.WhenIarrivedinBydgoszczin2009withonlya3-weeknoticetheJFTChadalreadybeenawellestablishedanddevelopedtrainingorganization.ThetrainingconcepthadbeendevelopedovertheinfantyearsoftheJFTCbymypredecessorsandpressuretested.Itworkedwellandonlyminoradjustmentsneededtobetailoredtotheactualtrainingeventstakingplace.ThestafflivedinbarracksinDwernickiegoStreetandconductedalltrainingeventsinGermany.Itwastroublesomeandplacedthewholeorganizationundercertainamountofstressbutstillverygoodresultswereachieved.Soonabrandnewstate-of-the-arttrainingfacilityinSzubinskaStreetwasreadyforatakeoverwhichtookplacewhilethestaffwasconductinganotherstafftraininginGermany.Aswereturnedwesteppedintoquiteanotherenvironment.Ofcourseondayonenoteverythingwasperfectbutcloseto.ThisfantasticbuildingmasterlydesignedbyColonelLeoHirschmannGermanArmygavesomanyopportunitiessomuchflexibilitythatJFTCsoonbecameaveryattractiveplacefortrainingandquicklymovedfromthestageoftheuglyducklingtothemostbeautifulswanifImayrefertothefamousfairytaleofmyfellowcountrymanHansChristianAndersen.Youcanhoweverbuildthebestfacilitiesintheworldbutwithoutdedicatedpeoplenothingwillhappen.Ihadthegoodfortunetoworkwiththemostdedicatedstaffthatanyonecouldhavewishedfor.HeavilyundermannedalmosttothepointofbeingundercriticalmassofficersNCOssoldiersandciviliansfrom17differentcountrieswithoutlookingattheirowncomfortworkedhardandfocusedknowingverywellthatifoneindividualhadfailedorleanedbacktherewouldnothavebeenanyonebehindthemtotakeover.Everybodyknewthattheydeeplydependeduponeachother.InthisenvironmentcreativenessblossomedandovertimeandhavingbecomemorecomfortablewiththeITinfra-structureanditspossibilitiesitbecameobviousthattheITcapacitiesweresuitedformuchmorethanjusttraditionaltraining.WhenIleftin2011thestaffmanagedtoconducttransatlanticpre-deploymenttrainingwithparticipationofthreeregionalstaffspreparingforrotationintoAfghanistan-twointheUSAandoneinBydgoszcz.SoonaftertheCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExerciseCWIXwasmovedtotheJFTCthusexploitingfantasticinfrastructureforacompletelydifferentpurposewhichwasatechnicaltestcentreforinteroperabilitytestingcertainlyapurposeforwhichtheJFTChadneverbeenforeseen.Theswanwascertainlyflyingonitsownwings.AsaforeignerIthinkPolandisagreatplacetolive.Thehospitalityweenjoyisunmatched.ItisnotonlytowardstheJFTCasaninstitutionbutalsotoeachandeveryoneofuscomingfromotherpartsoftheworld.ManyofmystaffstayedinPolandaftertheyhadretiredotherslikemefrequentlyreturntovisitfriendsandfavoriteplaces.ManyreceivedahelpinghandfrommanylocalcontractorswhoactuallyformthebackboneoftheJFTCalongsidewithNATOcivilians.TheystayyearinandyearoutandactuallyrepresentcontinuityoftheJFTC.FormepersonallythetimespentattheJFTCisbeyondcomparethebestperiodinmyalmost40yearsofservice.IwishallthebestforthefutureoftheJFTC.ThisuniqueinstitutioncertainlydeservesitandNATOiscertainlyveryluckytohaveit.MajorGeneralret.IbJohannesBagerDanishArmyThe3rdJFTCDirectorCommander 14TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014Major-GeneralPavelMackoSlovakArmyThe4thJFTCCommanderDearmembersandsupportersoftheJFTCFirstofallletmecongratulateyouallontheoccasionofthe10thanniversaryoftheestablishmentofthisuniqueNATOcommandthefirstoneonthesoilofnewNATOmembers.Formepersonallyformynationanditsarmedforcesitwasanextraordinaryprivilegeandhonortoleadthisgreatinstitutionforalmostthreeyears.WhenItookovermycommandmissionhereinBydgoszczIfoundawellestablishedandstate-of-the-arttrainingorganizationwithbrandnewinfrastructureappropriatetotheJFTCmissioncuttingedgetechnologyandstronginternationalteamofhighlymotivatedprofessionals.TheJFTCwaswellestab-lishedinitstrainingmissionprimarilyfocusedonISAFmissioninAfghanistaninparticularonpre-deploymenttrainingofRegionalCommandsandOMLTsandlateronMilitaryAdvisoryTeamsonalllevelsofcommand.BymyarrivaldozensofadvisoryteamshadalreadybeensuccessfullydeployedintoAfghanistantheRCNorthHeadquarterstrainingeventwasbecomingamastermodelforthetrainingofthislevelofcommand.DespiteoneofthesmallestNATOHQwiththelowestfillrateofitspeacetimeestablishmenttheJFTCwasalreadyafamoustrainingcentreandhostofmanycreativeideasandinitiativeswithinNATOCommandStructure.HoweverwhilefocusonISAFwasourbiggeststrengthitwasalsoourpotentialweaknessinalongrun.SimplyeverymissionincludingISAFmustendsometimeandthenitmaymeanlackoffocusandpurposeifyoudonotplanforitinadvance.ItwasclearformethatIcouldnotjustmaintainthegivenstatusquobutratherprovideanewvisionforthefutureoftheJFTCandmaintainpriorityeffortonsupportingtheongoingmission.ThereforeduringmywholecommandperiodIwantedtomaintainthefourkeylinesofeffortaslaidoutatthebeginningofmycommandcon-tinuityofsupporttoISAFpre-deploymenttrainingenhancementofprofessionalismandattractivenessofthecentrecontinuoustransformationandmaintainingrelevanceofthetrainingprogramandpromotionofNATOvaluesandstrengtheningoftheJFTCcommunity.Itwasmylifeexperiencethatdespitegainingthehighestpossibleoperationaltempothatalmostdestroyedper-sonallifeofourstaffinconsequenceofthesehighambitionsIfoundverystrongsupportofmyinternationalteamincomparablewithanyofmypreviousexperienceduringthewholemilitarycareer.Itwassupportandpersonalsacrificesofthisgreatteamwhichallowedustobetheplaceofinnovationstrongpromotersofdistributedtraining TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201415anengineofunprecedentedspiritofcooperationwhichprecededwhatwaslaternamedandformallyintroducedinNATOastheConnectedForcesInitiativeandcustomerorientedattitudeofourteam.WebecamewellknownwithinamuchbroaderNATOcommunityformorethanjustISAFtrainingandtheJFTCapreferredtrainingcentreofchoiceformanyAlliedCommandersbecauseofthisattitudeofourpeoplenotduetoarelativelylowcostoftraininginthisarea.WhenIlookbackIbelieveitwasthemostexcitingandrewardingperiodinmyprofessionalandpersonallife.IbelieveitwassimilarformostofourformercolleagueswhohadachancetolivethisamazingstoryofthebirthandgrowthoftheJFTCaswellaschancetoexperiencethisbeautifulhostnationanditspeople.IamsureweallfoundBydgoszczandPolandasoneofthemostfavorableandwelcomingenvironmentforsuchaninternationalinstitution.IfeelabsolutelysafetostatethattheJFTCisoneofthemostsuccessfulprojectsoftheAlliancewithinthelastdecade.IttookjusttenyearstobuildthisgreatinstitutionfromscratchdevelopitmatureandbringtofulldeliveryofitsmissioninlinewithourmottoTransformationThroughTraining.Iamsogratefultobegiventhisuniquechancetocontributewithmypersonalsomethingtothisgreatsuccess.IwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallmycolleaguesandpredecessorsaswellastoallpeopleofBydgoszczandPolandandtheirlocalandnationalrepresentativeswhoprovidedunmatchedsupportnotjusttomebutthewholeJFTCandNATOcommunitythroughoutthose10years.TheJFTCssuccesscouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthegreatsupportofourhostnation.IamsurethatIspeaknotjustformyselfthatNATOcom-munitywillrepaythiswarmreceptionandsupportbyprovidingthousandsofgoodmessengerstothewholeworldrepresentedbyourguestsandtrainingaudienceandthatalltheNATOmembersfromBydgoszczwillbegreatanddedicatedambassadorsofthisgreatregionandcityhostingtheJFTC.IwishtheJFTCandthisregionsuccessandprosperityintheyearstocome.AlthoughitwillbemoreandmoredifficulttokeepraisingstandardsfortheJFTCanditsmissionIamabsolutelyconfidentthatthisgreatcentreanditspeoplewillmeetthischallengeasalways.Weareapartofthestrongestallianceever.OurabilitytostaytogethershouldertoshoulderandoperatetogetherinsafeguardingpeaceandstabilityforournationsandpeopleisthecoreofthisAllianceandasourceofitsstrength.ThereisnobetterwayofgaininginteroperabilitythantrainingtogetherthereisinmyviewnobetterplacethantheJFTCtodeliverthishonestmission 10YearsofTransformationThroughTraining16TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014JFTCPublicAffairsOfficeIthasbeenalreadytenyearssincetheJointForceTrainingCentrelauncheditsactivityasoneofthetwoNATOstrain-inginstitutions.Throughouttheyearsthecentrehasgonethroughmanychallengingchangeshasgrowninstrengthandsignifi-cantlydevelopedtobecomeakeyplayerintransformationoftheAlliance.BeginningsSincetheNATOPragueSummitof2002transformationhasbeenoneoftheAlliancespriorities.ThesummitfocusedonNATOsenlargementmembernationsdefencestructuringwithemphasisonenhanceddeploymentcapabilitiesandtheestablishmentofanimprovedcommandstructure.ItpavedawayfortheneweraofNATOtransformationthathasbeenlever-agedsincethenthroughthreenewNATOorganizationsaspartofAlliedCommandTransformationsACTtrainingnetworktheJointWarfareCentreinStavangerNorwaytheJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszczPolandandtheJointAnalysisandLessonsLearnedCentreinLisbonPortugal.Nowadaysoperationalenviron-mentshowsthatmanyofNATOForceswithinoperationaltheatersareorganizedinamultinationalmanneratthetacticallevel.NATOstransformationalambitionsincludecreationoffurtherintegratednet-work-enabledandcombinedjointforces.ThisrequiresinvestmentintheformoftrainingwhichbecametheraisondtrefortheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTC.TheJFTCwasofficiallyactivatedon31March2004butitmaybesaidthatcreationsensustrictostartedon7January2004whenaPolishImplementationTeamwasestablished.TheTeamwasacommon TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201417effortoftheHostNationPolandandACTaimingatarrangingthebestconditionsforthefutureJFTCstructureandpreparinginputfortheCapabilityPackage.ItfulfilleditsmissionbyDecember2004.Meanwhileon25June2004thenewlyestablishedCentrecelebrateditsInaugurationCeremony.TheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcen-trewasthefirstNATOCommandStructureunitestablishedintheCentralandEasternEurope.ItalsopavedthewayforotherinstitutionsaffiliatedtoNATOsuchastheMilitaryPoliceCentreofExcellenceorthe3rdNATOSignalBattalionwhichjoinedtheJFTCinBydgoszcz.SinceitsinceptionthecentrehascontinuouslydevelopedandexpandedinordertomeetthetacticaltrainingneedsofNATOforces.TheJFTCconducteditsfirsttrain-ingeventforNATOforcesinDecember2005-MissionRehearsalTrainingMissionRehearsalExerciseMRTMREfortheSouthEasternEuropeanBrigadethatformedtheKabulMultinationalBrigadeKMNBIX.ItwasthefirstoftheCommandMRTMREserieswhichin2006developedintotheRegionalCommandMRTMREaimedattrainingbrigadelevelstaffstosubsequentlyassumetheregionalcommandheadquartersroleinAfghanistan.ThesameyeartheJFTCsupport-edfirstexercisesincludingthosefortheNATOResponseForceNRFsuchastheNobleJavelin2005theAlliedAction2005ortheBoldAmbition2005ExerciseanAIRComponentCommandRammstein.Asthecentrestrainingaspirationsandpotentialweregrowingthecentreneededaninfrastructuretailoredtoitsrequirements.Tomeettheneedsofthe 18TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014JFTCandtheAlliancesforcesastate-of-the-arttrainingfacilitywasdevelopedbyPolandincloseconsultationwiththeAlliedCommandTransformationandthecentresstaff.ThecornerstoneofthisuniquefacilitywaslaidinSeptember2005.Howeverthetemporarylackofanadequatetrainingfacilitydidnotpre-venttheJointForceTrainingCentrefromaccomplishingitsassignedmissionofpre-paringNATOtacticallevelheadquartersforoperations.FromDecember2005toNovember2009thetrainersoftheJointForceTrainingCentredeliveredmuchneededfirstratetrainingforNATOtacticalheadquartersatdistributedlocationssuchasGermanyNorwaySpainandtheUnitedKingdom.In2006theJFTCsignificantlyincreaseditsinvolvementintraininginpreparationofRealWorldOperationsandNRF.TheintensityofsupportvariedfromsinglepositionsinEXCONfunctionsforseveralexercisestotheleadroleintheISAFRegionalCommandMissionRehearsalTrainingMissionRehearsalExercise.In2006theJFTCsupportedtwoKeyLeaderTrainingeventsforISAFRCCapitalandISAFRCSouthinAfghanistantookovertheleadinprovidingtheCommandandControlelementfortheOperationalMentor TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201419andLiaisonTeamOMLTcoursesforISAFattheJointMultinationalReadinessCentreJMRCinHohenfelsGermanyandconductedtheExercisePlanningCourseinsupportofNATOTrainingMissioninIraq.ThecentrestaffalsoconductedMissionRehearsalTrainingandExercisefortheISAFRCCapitalandSouthprovidedLandComponentCommandTrainingTeamsdur-ingtheexercisesSTEADFASTJACKPOTandSTEADFASTJAWandincreaseditstrainingactivitiesinsupportofAirandMaritimeComponentCommandsbysup-portingNRFACCTrainingparticipatingintheBOLDAMBITIONandprovid-ingaresponsecellfortheBRILLIANTMARINER.2007wasyetanothersuccessfulyearmarkedwithavarietyofnewchal-lengeswhichledthecentretoitsfurtherdevelopment.TheJFTCremainedakeyplayerintheNATOcommonOMLTPhaseIItrainingexecution.ItalsosupportedaKeyLeaderTrainingEventforISAFRCSouththeSTEADFASTJACKPOTandSTEADFASTJAWexercisesNRFACCTrainingconductedtwotrainingeventsfortheISAFRCSouthandparticipatedintheNATOPartnershipforPeaceExerciseCooperativeMarlin2007inSevastopolUkraine.AdditionallytheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentrebecameahostforvari-ousconferencesandseminarsincludingtheSecondNATOJointCAXForumtheC-IEDSeminarandtheC-IEDTrain-the-TrainersCourse.TheJFTCalsobeganplayinganimportantroleindevelopingtoolsinsupportoftraining.Itsstaffestab-lishedatestbedfortheJointConflictandTacticalSimulationJCATSsystem.ItwaslaunchedinMayandusedforthefirsttimeinNovember2007duringtheISAFRCSouthtraining.ChangeofFocusIconfirmthattrainingsupporttoongoingoperationsisJFTCsfirstprior-ity.FortheforeseeablefuturesupporttoNRFJointComponenttrainingwillremainJFTCssecondpriority.saidGeneralJ.N.MattisUSMarineCorpstheNATOSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationinAugust2008.ThesewordsbegantheprocessofshiftingtheJFTCsfocus.Thechangeofprioritieswasclearlyvisiblealreadyin2008.Throughouttheyearthecen-treconductedthreevisitsintheISAFRegionalCommandSouthHeadquartersinKandaharsupportedtwoKeyLeadersTrainingEventsinAfghanistandirectedforthesameregionalcommandconductedtwoISAFRegionalCommandSouthexer-cisesoneinKingstonCanadatheotheroneinGrafenwoehrGermanyprovidedtheCommandandControlelementforfourKandakbattalionlevelOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamtrainingeventsheldattheJMRCandorganizedandexe-cutedthefirsttrainingforAboveKandakOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamsAKOMLT.TheAKOMLTeventwasalsothefirsttrainingconductedinthecen-tresnewfacility.InNovember2008theRegionalCommandNorthRCNsectionwasestab-lishedattheJFTCwiththeaimofprovid-ingTypeBtrainingforGermanledRCNbasedinMazar-e-Sharif.AlthoughthemaintrainingpriorityhadchangedtheJFTCkeptonprovidingIconfirmthattrainingsupporttoongoingoperationsisJFTCsfirstpriority.FortheforeseeablefuturesupporttoNRFJointComponenttrainingwillremainJFTCssecondpriority.GeneralJ.N.MattisUSMarineCorpstheNATOSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationAugust2008 20TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014supporttotheNRFandotherNATOsignifi-cantevents.In2008thecentrewasinvolvedintheSTEADFASTJUNCTURE08STEADFASTJOINER08STEADFASTJOIST08.ItalsosupportedexecutionoftheStandAloneExperimentationENABLER08-01EffectBaseApproachtoOperationsandENABLER08-02Counter-ImprovisedExplosiveDevices.Thesameyearnumeroustoolssup-portingtrainingwereinstalledandtest-edattheJFTCnewfacility.SimulationandModellingsystemsJCATSJTLSandITCexercisepreparationandman-agementsoftwareJEMMJESTOrbatBuilderandotherrelatedexerciseplan-ningandsupporttoolssuchasADAMSandTOPFASSetc.gotreadyforupcom-ingevents.TheJCATSJointConflictandTacticalSimulationsystemwasusedalreadyin2008tosupportISAFRCSMRTMRETrainingEvent0802withCAXinvolvementatGrafenwoehr.AdditionallytheJFTCacquireddeploy-ableCAXpackagewhichsignificantlyimprovedmodellingandsimulationcapa-bilitiesofthecentre.TowardsNewChallengesinaNewState-of-the-ArtFacilityOn9September2009thestaffoftheJFTCstaffmovedfromtheirtempo-raryfacilityintotheirpermanenthomeinSouthwestBydgoszcz.TheheartoftheCentrespermanentfacilityisahigh-techtrainingfacilityandstaffbuildingwhichhasbeenusedinsupportoftrainingsinceNovember2008.ThebuildingcanaccommodateacombinedTrainingAudienceandExerciseControlelementofapproximatelyfourhun-dredpersons.Additionallyitisequippedwithstate-of-the-artcommandandcontrolandinformationsystemsandalsohastheabilitytoconductjointcomputerassistedsimulationsatthetacticallevel.Thetrain-ingareaisdesignedtobeflexibleandcanbeeasilyconfiguredtomeettheneedsofthetrainingaudience.Thefacilitywasdesignedtobeofdualuse.NotonlyareNATOforcesabletoconducttrainingwith-inthefacilitybuttheJointForceTrainingCentremayalsoserveasavenueforNATOconferencesworkshopsandseminars.Thefacilityboastsalargenumberofconferenceandseminarroomsaswellasalargeaudi-toriumwithVideoTeleconferenceVTCcapabilityandthreesmallerVTCsuites.InadditiontothetrainingfacilitytheJointForceTrainingCentrecompoundconsistsofseveralotheradministrativebuildingswhichhouseofficespacefortheCentreitselfandforsupportingorganiza-tionsstaffsadiningfacilityforusebyboththeTrainingAudienceandperma-nentstaffmembersagymnasiumadutyfreestoreandacaf.WithintheJFTCcompoundonecanalsofindanoutdoormulti-functionsportfieldwhichisusedbytennisbasketballandfootballplayers.ThenewfacilityopenedtheneweraoftheJFTCtraining.Thecentrewasabletoconductmostoftheexercisesandtrain-ingsinBydgoszczbutitalsocontinuedtoprovideRegionalCommandandKandakLevelOMLTtrainingsinGermany.In2009theJFTCcontinuedincreas-ingitssupporttocurrentoperationsandfocusingitseffortsonISAFRegionalCommandSouthandNorthHeadquarterspre-deploymenttrainingaswellasonOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamtraining.ThecentreconductedfiveseparatestaffvisitstoAfghanistanKabulMazar-e-SharifandKandaharaimingatplan-ningtrainingeventsfor2009continuedtoprovidetheCommandandControlelementtothebattalionlevelOMLTtrainingatthe TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201421JMRCsupportedexecutionofKeyLeadertrainingeventsforbothISAFRCSandRCNHeadquartersorganizedandexecutedtwoAbove-KandakLevelOMLTNATOcentralisedtrainingeventsconductedTypeAandTypeBexercisesforISAFRCSandtwoMRTMREexercisesforISAFRCN.2009wasalsoanintensiveyearfortheTrainingSupportBranchwhichcontin-uedworkoninstallationandimprovementofvarioussystemssoftwareandtoolsinsupportoftraining.Thecentrealsosup-portedtheNC3AonNATOLiveVirtualConstructiveNLVCtestsconductedinDecemberinTheHague.Additionallyseveralconferencesandsem-inarswereorganisedattheBydgoszcznewNATOtrainingfacility.2010wasanothersuccessfulyearfortheJFTC.ThecentrebecameakeyplayerinRegionalCommandstaffsandOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamspreparationprocessesandthepre-deploy-menttrainingforISAFRegionalCommandSouthandNorthHeadquarterssignificantlydeveloped.Forthefirsttimeindividualaugmenteesofdifferentregionalcom-mandsweretrainedtogether.TheJFTCtrainednumerousbattalionlevelandabovebattalionlevelOMLTsandhostedthepilotPoliceOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamTrainingEvent.TheJFTCalsocontinuedtoimproveitsnewlyestablishedfacilityandabilitytodeliverhighqualitytrainingtotheAlliance.Aftermanymonthsofplanningthecon-nectivitytotheCombinedFederatedBattleLabNetworkandtheAfghanMissionNetworkTrainingFederationwereestab-lished.ThecentrealsobecameanimportantvenueofchoicewithintheAlliancefortheconductofdistributedcoursesconferencesandexperimentssuchastheexecutionoftheModellingandSimulationGroup068MSG-068experimentandtheconductoffouriterationsoftheNATOCounter-ImprovisedExplosiveDeviceCourse.GrowinginStrengthOn1August2010theJFTCfinalizeditsPeacetimeEstablishmentTransformationandbeganitsworksunderthenewstruc-tureoffering105insteadof87postsforsoldiersandNATOInternationalCivilians.AtatimewhenotherNATOheadquarterswereshrinkinginsizetheJointForceTrainingCentrewasgrowinginordertomeetthedemandforqualitytacticalleveltrainingfortheAlliancesforces.SincethentheJointForceTrainingCentrehasbeenorganizedwithaCommandGroupandthreeprincipalDivisionsTrainingDivisionTrainingSupportDivisionandHeadquartersSupportDivision.InfulfillingitsmissiontheorganizationisalsosupportedbytheNATOCommunicationsandInformationAgencySquadronBydgoszcztheHostNationSupportUnitandseveralNationalSupportElements.Withthisstructurethecentrewasabletodevelopthetrainingprovidedtomeettheneedsoftheevolvinggeopoliticalsituation.2011wasayearofcontinuationofthecentresmainfocushoweveragainapartfromsupportingandconductingavarietyofeventsdirectedtoISAFMissionsuchasUnifiedEndeavourISAFJointCommandtrainingISAFRCNtrain-ingorOMLTtrainingthecentrehost-edadditionaleventsincludingCounter-ImprovisedExplosiveDevicecourses.AdditionallytwoNATO-wideconferencestookplaceinBydgoszcz-theNATOCounter-ImprovisedExplosiveDeviceConferencethebiggestNATOannualeventdevotedtoC-IEDissuesandNATOPublicAffairsConference.AlsothatyeartheJFTCbecamethehomeofCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExplorationExperimentationandExaminationExercisefocusedonimprovingtheinterop-erabilityofNATOandNATOnationsCommandControlCommunicationsComputersIntelligenceSurveillanceandReconnaissanceC4ISRsystemsandhascontinuouslyhostedtheeventsincethen.AnothertwoyearswerethemostintensiveandmostchallengingperiodintheJointForceTrainingCentreshistory.InnoneofthepreviousyearshadtheBydgoszczNATOCentrehostedorcon-ductedsomanyandsodiversetrainingeventsexercisesworkshopsconferencesandexperiments.TheJFTCworkingatfullspeedalsodrewattentionofnumeroushigh 22TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014militaryNATOandNATONationsrepre-sentativeswhovisitedtheCentre.In2012theJFTCremainedfocusedonsupportingthecurrentlyongoingNATOoperations.ItcontinuedpreparingfuturemembersoftheISAFRegionalCommandNorthfortheirmissioninAfghanistan.TheRCNTrainingEventswerethemostimportantpartsoftheJFTCagendatogeth-erwithtrainingforthefutureadvisorsoftheAfghanNationalSecurityForces.Thissecondtypeoftrainingevolveddur-ingtheyearfromtheoldAboveKandakOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamAKOMLTtrainingtothedevelopedandimprovedAboveKandakMilitaryAdvisoryTeamOperationalCoordinationCentreAdvisoryTeamAKMATOCCATtrainingwithitsnewmethodologyconcept.TrainingeventsforbattalionleveladvisoryteamscoordinatedbytheJFTCstaffattheUSJointMultinationalReadinessCentreinHohenfelsGermanyweremarkedwithasimilarchangeanddevelopment.TheJFTCalsocontinuedsupportingpre-deploymenttrainingeventsheldintheUnitedStatesandsignificantachievementsoftheCentresTrainingSupportDivisionallowedtheJFTCtoremainthekeyplayerindistributedtrainingeventsandeventodevelopthistypeoftraining.ForthesecondyearinarowtheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentrehost-edtwoNATO-wideconferencescov-eringtwoofnowadaysmoststrategicissuesfortheAlliance-theCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExplorationExperimentationExaminationExerciseandtheCounter-ImprovisedExplosiveDeviceConference.In2012theJFTCopenedanewchapterofitsactivity.Afterthe2012NATOSummitinChicagoanewSecretaryGeneralsinitiativetheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFIwasbroughtinplaceandbecameoneofthehottesttopicswithinNATO.FocusingoneducationtrainingandclosecooperationofNATOforcesithasbeenimplementedtotheJFTCswork.In2012theJFTChostedthePuma12anexerciseevaluatingPolishSpecialForcesCommandscapabilitiesinintegratingspecialoperationforcemultinationalstaffaswellasinestablishingandoperatingSpecialOperationsComponentCommandwhichwasaperfectexampleofwhattheCFIwas.TheCentrealsohostedtheBoldDragon12anexercisefortheAlliedJointForceCommandBrunssumwhichaimedatpractisingtheHQindeploymentandoperationallevelcommandandcon-trolprocedures.DuringbotheventstheJFTCprovedthatitwaswellpreparedandreadytoplanandexecutecompletelynewtrainingeventsevenonashortnoticeandthatitwouldplayakeyroleinimplement-inganddevelopingtheCFI.2013wasacriticalyearmarkedwithrotationsofapproximately50oftheCentresstaffincludingchangesonposi-tionsoftheCommanderandtheDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffandmostofallwithcontinuationofevolutionoftheJFTCfocusandtasks.Aftertheverybusy2012whichinitiatedlong-rangechangesespeciallyrelatedtheCFIandtrainingforNATOCommandStructureNCSandNATOForceStructureNFStheCentreForallthesereasonsweneedaninitiativetocomplementSmartDefence.OnethatmobilisesallofNATOsresourcessowestrengthenourabilitytoworktogetherinatrulyconnectedway.IcallthistheConnectedForcesInitiative.NATOSecretaryGeneralAndersFoghRasmussen4February2012 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201423carriedonitseffortsinsupportoftheAlliancestrainingandtransformation.TheJFTCCommandersintentfor2013wastomaintainhightrainingtempoinprovidinghighqualitytrainingsup-porttotheongoingISAFmissionandinthesametimetocooperatecloselywiththeAlliedCommandTransformationandtheJointWarfareCentreindesigningafuturetrainingsupporttoNCSandNFS.Throughouttheyearthecentreusedalltransformationalopportunitiesincludingnon-ISAFtrainingeventsandinternalpro-fessionaldevelopmenttofinishtransitionandpositiontheJFTCtoassumeitsbroaderroleandresponsibilitiesasdirectedbytheNATOMilitaryCommitteeintheassignedmission.TheCentrecontinuedpreparingfuturemembersoftheISAFRegionalCommandNorthRCNfortheirmissioninAfghanistanandtheRCNTrainingEventtogetherwiththeAboveKandakMilitaryAdvisoryTeamsOperationalCoordinationCentreAdvisoryTeamTrainingEventswerethemostimportantpartoftheJFTC2013agenda.KandakMilitaryAdvisoryTeamOperationalCoordinationCentreAdvisoryTeamcoordinatedbytheJFTCstaffattheJMRCcompletedthelistofmajorJFTCsactivitiessupportingtheISAFmission.Thelasteventsofthistypetookplaceinthefirstmonthsof2014.TheJFTCwasalsosignificantlyinvolvedindistributedpre-deploymenttrainingeventsandsupportedtheminmanylocationsforexampleinvariousplacesintheUnitedStatesorinGermany.Continuingthechapteropenedin2012theJFTCconductedandsupportedmanytrainingeventsandexercisesforNCSandNFS.Thecentreplannedpre-paredandexecutedtheLoyalBonus13aBattleStaffTrainingfortheNATOAlliedLandCommandIzmirTurkeysupportedandhostedtheLittleEagle13andsup-portedtheCrystalEagle13-bothexercisesfortheMultinationalCorpsNortheastHQandsupportedCOBRA-13FieldTrainingExerciseofthePolishSpecialOperationsForcesCommand.Thecentresstaffactivelypartici-patedalsointheSteadfastJazz13ExercisewhichwasthefinalsteptothecertificationoftheNATOResponseForce2014.ThevarietyofeventstheJFTCwasinvolvedinthroughoutthe10yearsnotonlyinBydgoszczPolandbutalsoinmanyotherheadquartersandlocationsallovertheworldpromotedtheJFTCintheNATOworld.Thisresultedinasignificantinterestfromhighmilitaryrepresentatives.Since2004theCentrehashostedvisitsoftheNATOSecretaryGeneraltheNATOMilitaryCommitteetheSupremeAlliedCommandersTransformationnumerouschiefsofdefenceministersambassadorsNATOcommandersandmanymanyothers.LookingAheadTheJointForceTrainingCentreentered2014withanewhistoricalchallenge.AstheISAFmissionendisapproachingthecentrewasgivenanothersignificanttasktrainingforfuturemem-bersoftheResoluteSupportmission.In2014thecentrestartsitsnewtrainingprojectTrainAdviseAssistCommandNorthTAAC-NTrainAdviseAssistTeamTAATtraining.ThefirsteventofthistypewillbeconductedinsummerthisyearandwillbededicatedtotrainrehearseandcontributetotheoverallpreparationofthefutureHQTAAC-NandmembersofTAATTheatre-wide.Itwillbeacomputerassistedcommandpostexercisebasedonarealisticscenariowiththeprimaryobjectivesofpromot-ingcontinuityandcommonstandardsestablishingmissionandfunctionalareaawarenessfacilitatingandrehearsingstaffactionsandcrossfunctionalinteractionaswellasfamiliarizingwithcurrentRC-NandfutureTAAC-Noperationsinclud-ingeffectiveincorporationofANSFandotherplayerswithinthecomprehensiveenvironment.Thecentrewillalsocontinuetosup-porttrainingfortheNATOResponseForceaswellasNATOCommandStructureandNATOForceStructure.CurrentlythestaffoftheJFTCconsistsof105officersnon-commissionedofficersandNATOinternationalciviliansfromseventeenNATONationsAlbaniaBulgariaCanadatheCzechRepublicEstoniaFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryItalyNetherlandsNorwayPolandSlovakiaSpainTurkeyandtheUnitedStatesofAmericaandonePartnershipforPeaceNationGeorgiaandabout30localcontractors. 24TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014HistoryoftheISAFPre-DeploymentTrainingwithinJFTCWhentheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCwasofficiallyestablishedon31March2004itwasinitiallydesignedtosupporttrainingofNATOResponseForceNRFComponentCommand.HoweverafterthedecisionoftheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationGeneralJamesN.MattisUSMCinAugust2008toshifttheprioritytopreparationofAlliedForcesforcurrentoperationstheJFTCfocusedonInternationalSecurityAssistanceForceISAFPre-DeploymentTraining.FromthisdatetheCentresup-portedISAFcommandersatthetacti-callevelandconductedISAFRegionalCommandRCtrainingevents.ItsmissionwastoensuretheseHeadquartersachieveahighlevelofinteroperabilityflexibilityandtrainingasapartofcombinedandjointforceinordertobefullypreparedtoexecuteassignedmissionsupontheirdeploymenttoAfghanistan.TheJFTCsfirstISAFPre-DeploymentTrainingPDTexperiencewaswithRegionalCommandCapitalRCCin2005and2006assupportofJointWarfareCentrebutitwaswithRCSouthPDTthattheJFTCfounditsbestroleandestablisheditsreputationin2006.AtthattimeRCSouthHQwasrunmainlybyCanadatheNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdomeachofthemassumingarotatingcommand.From2006to2009theJFTCwasaninstrumentaltoolinbringingtogeth-erthepersonnelofthesethreenationspluslimitednumbersofrepresentativesofothercountriesensuringtheyworkedasoneteam.AsthecapabilityofthecentreinDwernickiegoStreetinBydgoszczdidntallowittohosttheTrainingAudiencethedecisionwastakentodelivertheTraininginGrafenwoehrandSennelagerGermany.TheJFTCstrainingcapabilityattractedattentionofGermanytheleadnationforRCNorthandinJuly2009theJFTCconducteditsfirstRCNorthTrainingEventverysimilartoonesorganisedforRCSouthinGrafenwoehrGermany.ThefollowingoneinNovember2009washostedinthenewJFTCcompoundinSzubinskaStreetandsincethentheJFTChasconductedalltheRCNorthTrainingEventsina6-monthtrainingcycleinBydgoszcz.On1March2010inordertoassumeallISAFandexpandedresponsibilitiesEvolutionofISAFPre-DeploymentTrainingMAJNicolasKoniecznyFRALTCAlainJuliaFRAMAJRonaldRoyCANJFTCTrainingDivision TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201425aJFTCTrainingDivisionwascreatedreplacingtheformerTrainingBranch.ThreeBrancheswerecreatedatthesametimeanddedicatedtoRCSouthPDTRCNorthPDTandOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamOMLTTraining.ThentheCentrebecamefullycapableoforganizingthreeeventsconcurrently.In2011theRCTrainingforUSTrainingAudienceswasintegratedwithUnifiedEndeavorinclosecooperationbetweenNATOandU.S.partners.TheJFTCwasthenalsoinchargeofsupportofthePre-DeploymentTrainingforUS-ledRegionalCommandsRCSouthstillRCEastandRCSouthWestforaminorpartinclosecoordinationwithJointForcesCommandJFCOMSuffolkVirginiaUSAandBattleCommandTrainingProgramBCTPFortLeavenworthKansasUSA.Thereforein2011theJFTCbecamethemajoractorforalltheRegionalCommandTrainingEventsandOMLTTrainingEventsrecognizedbyitsUSandGermanpartnersasanoutstandingTrainingCentrebyitsexperienceskillsandcapa-bilities.RegionalCommandNorthTrainingEventJFTCTrainingKeystoneTheTrainingconductedforRegionalCommandNorthbecameareferenceforallISAFRegionalCommandTrainingEventsdeliveredbyJointForceTrainingCentre.BasedontwoReferencedocu-mentsBi-SC75-3issuedbyACTandACOandBi-SC75-8issuedbyJFCBrunssumthisTrainingisdesignedona3-phasemodelAcademicsFormandOrientphaseBattleStaffTrainingBST-ShapephaseMissionRehearsalExerciseMRE-ExercisePhase.TheJFTCsmainresponsibilitywastocoordinateinclosecoordinationwiththeJointForceCommandBrunssumOfficerSchedulingtheExerciseandco-OfficerConductingtheExerciseandBundeswehrJointForceOperationsCommandco-Offi-cerConductingtheExercisepreparationandexecutionofthisEventinorderfortheHQtoachieveahighlevelofinteroper-ability.ThisEventwasalsoidentifiedasthefirstvenueforthefutureHQtogatheralltheindividualAugmenteeswiththecoreStaffandthereforefacilitatetheteam-building.ThenrelyingontheexpertiseoftheMilitarySubjectMatterExpertsrecentlyredeployedfromtheTheatreandCivilianAdvisorstheJointForceTrainingCentregainedahighreputationwithintheNATOcommunityforhigh-qualityoftheTrainingawell-balancedprogramoftheEventandthelevelofprofessionalismofitsstaff.ThiswasenhancedeverytimebytheRCNorthCommanderMajorGeneralPfefferin2012MajorGeneralVollnerin2013duringtheStaffVisitperformedbytheJFTCTrainingTeam.TheTrainingperformedattheJFTCisanoutstandingvalueandisverywelladaptedtothereal-ityofourcommitmentinAfghanistan.WewerethinkingthattherhythmduringtheExercisewastoohighwiththesenumerousinjectsbutkeepitasitistherhythmhereinRCNorthisevenhighersaidMajorGeneralPfeffer.UnifiedEndeavororJFTCIntegrationinaGreaterTrainingCommunityIn2010whenMajorGeneralBagertheJFTCCommanderdecidedtointegratetheCentreinagreatTrainingCommunitywithitsinvolvementinUnifiedEndeavoritwasthefirststepintoanewerathecapa-bilitytodeployTrainingTeamsoverseasinUS-ledexercisesandtofacilitatedistributedexercisesrequiringastrongCommunicationInformationSystemsCISandFunctionalAreaServicesFASsupport. 26TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014InitsconcepttheUnifiedEndeavorUETrainingEventiscomposedof3phasesPhase2AAcademicsandFunctionalAreaTrainingPhase2B1stphaseoftheMissionRehearsalExercisecalledMRXintheUSAandPhase2C2ndphaseoftheMRX.TheJFTCsrolewastoconductPhase2Aandtosup-porttheUSJFCOMJointStaffJ7nowandBattleCommandTrainingProgramMissionCommandTrainingProgramnowinPhases2BandC.ThefirstUnifiedEndeavorUEEventinvolvingaRegionalCommandHQwasUE11-3inFortBraggNorthCarolinaUSAforRCSouthHQwasmainlymannedby82ndAirborneDivision.In2011and2012theJFTCexpandeditssupporttoRCSouthWestIIIMEFinCampPendletonCaliforniabutwithoutdeploymentofaTrainingTeamandRCEast1stInfantryDivisionFortRileyKansas.In2013theJFTCtookovertheFunctionalAreaServicesresponsibilityandbecamethemajorNATOactoratthetacti-callevelforalltheUEevents.InallthesedistributedtrainingsoneofthebiggestchallengeswastoelaboratesolidandcoherentCISplanstoensuretheconnectivitybetweenthetwopartsoftheAtlanticOceanserversattheJFTCBydgoszczPolandbutTrainingintheUSA.InadditiontothattheJFTCwasalsotaskedtoreplicatetheRCNorthResponseCellrelyingontheJFTCStaffandlateronBundeswehrJointForceOperationsCommand.WithitsinvolvementinUEtheJFTChasshownthatitscapabilitiescouldbeexportedandthatitsStaffwasreactiveadaptiveandfullycapableofconductinghigh-qualitytraininginanexternalenvi-ronment.FromISAFPDTtoResoluteSupportPDTAstheISAFmissionendson31December2014anewConceptofOperationswasissuedin2013toadoptanewmissionfollowingtheISAFthenthedesignofResoluteSupportMissionRSMwaselaborated.Thisnewmissionwillstarton1stJanuary2015andisbasedontheTrainAssistandAdviseTAAconcept.ItspurposeisconcurrentlytokeepAdvisorsattheCorpslevelandaboveandinthesametimetodownsizetheNATOcapabilitiesinAfghanistanfromregional-centrictonational-centric.TheJFTCwasinvolvedintheNATOworkinggroupsinchargeofdesigningthenewconceptofTrainingandwasidenti-fiedasthekeyNATOactortoconductthenewResoluteSupportPre-DeploymentTrainings.FromNATOsideJFCBrunssumwillprovidetheOfficerSchedulingtheExerciseandOfficerConductingtheExerciseandtheJFTC-theOfficerDirectingtheExerciseforalltheResoluteSupportseries.Thesetrainingswilloccur4timesperyearthreeinJanuaryAprilandJulywillbeorganizedbyNATOandtheJFTCtotraintheTrainAssistandAdviseCommandTAACNorthandIndividualAugmenteesfromResoluteSupportHQNATOTAACMinisterialAdvisoryGroupMAGandNATOInstitutionalTrainingCentreNITC.ThelastoneinOctoberwillbeorganizedinclosecoordinationwiththeUSpartnersUSJSJ7andMCTPandwillbeintegratedintheUEannualexercise.WiththisnewchallengetheJFTCwillbecomethemajorTrainingactorfortheCurrentOperationsdealingwithResoluteSupportandwillexpandhisexpe-riencegainedthroughouttheyearsnotonlyintheCommandandControlC2PhotoCourtesyof3rdInfantryDivisionUSArmyPhotoCourtesyof1stCavalryDivisionUSArmy TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201427StructureTrainingRCtoTAACbutalsointheAdvisoryTrainingOMLTTOMATPATtoTAAT.OMLTandTransitionofTrainingNATOAdvisorsfortheANSFOn18June2013NATOtrans-ferredleadforsecurityinAfghanistantotheAfghanNationalSecurityForcesANSF.TheoperationtookovertenyearsandcostlivesandresourcesofbothNATOandANSF.AlthoughtheendstateofAfghanistanachievingitsgoalofselfsustainmentisstillnotcompletetheJFTCcontinuestoassistbyconductingcriticaladvisorytraining.OverthepasttenyearstheJFTCAdvisoryTraininghasevolvedfromOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamPoliceOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamOMLTPOMLTtoMilitaryAdvisoryTeamsPoliceAdvisoryTeamsOperationalCoordinationCentreMATPATOCCtothelatestversionofTrainAdviseAssistTeamsTAAT.InlateOctober2008theJFTCcon-ductedtheirpilotOMLTtrainingeventandinMay2010itsfirstPOMLT.Lateronthesetwotrainingeventswereincorporatedintoone.TheseprogrammesweredesignedtotrainbothMilitaryandPolicementorsdeployingwithinAfghanArmyandPoliceatbattalionbrigadegarrisonlevelstrain-inginstitutionsandCorpsHeadquarters.ThemostsignificantpartofthistrainingwastheparticipationofANAofficersandPolicefromANSFunits.Thisopportunityallowedthementorstopracticetheirmen-torskillsthroughtheuseofinterpretersbeforedeployingintotheatre.TheseNATOContributingNationsInfantryCombatSupportandCombatServicesSupportmentorsweretaskedtonotonlyconducthandsoncoachingteachingandtraininginsupportofANAANPunitoperationaldeploymentbutalsoexecutedaliaisoncapabilitybetweenANAANPandISAFforces.TheyalsocoordinatedplanningofoperationsandensuredthattheANAANPunitsreceivedNATOsupport.Finallytheteamsassessedtheunitsoverallcapabili-tiesinordertodeterminetheANSFgrowthandtheirdevelopmentassecurityforces.AstheANSFgainedcapabilityconfidenceandrespecttherequirementtomaintainmentorsatthetacticallevelswasnolon-gerrequired.HowevertheANSFstillneededadvisors.ThedifferencewasthatourAfghanpartnerswerenowcapableofconductingtheirowntacticalleveltrainingbutstillneededassistanceabovethatlevel.FromitspilottrainingeventinOctober2008totheendofitsrequirementinmidMay2012theJFTCtrained1300OMLTPOMLTmentors.InMay2012theJFTCconducteditsfirstMATPATOCCseriesoftrainingevents.TheseprogrammescontinuedtotrainbothMilitaryandPoliceadvisorsdeployingwithinAfghanistanArmyandPolicebutnowonlyataboveKandakabovebattalionlevels.AgainoneofthemostsignificantpartsofthistrainingwastheparticipationofANAofficersandPolicefromactualANSFaboveKandaklevelunitsandtheprocessofthinningupcommenced.ThismeantthatinsteadofhavingoneadvisorwitheveryunitortraininginstitutiontheInfantryCombatSupportandCombatServicesadvisorswouldbeatthebattalionlevelandhigherandifrequiredtheteamwouldassisttheANSFHeadquarterstafftocoachteachandmentortheirownunits.Notonlydidtheadvisorsprovideadviceinsupport 28TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014ofANAANPOCCaboveKandakleveloperationaldeploymentbutalsocontinuedliaisonbetweenANAANPOCCandISAFforcestoensurethattheANAANPunitsreceivedthenecessarysupport.TheteamsstillcontinuedtoassesstheunitsoverallcapabilitiesinordertodeterminetheANSFgrowthanddevelopmentassecurityforces.TheMATPATOCCprovidedadvicetoourAfghanpartnersontheNATOMilitaryDecisionMakingProcess.ThispermittedtheANSFtonotonlybecapableofexecut-inganoperationbutalsotoplanitaswell.OurAfghanpartnerslearnedfastandsoontheywerecapableofperformingcomplexmissiontaskswithorwithoutNATOadvi-sorsattheaboveKandaklevel.SotheevolutionofadvisorsenteredanewandfinalphaseTAAT.FromthefirsttrainingeventinMay2012tillthelastinMarch2014theJFTCtrained479MATPATOCCadvisors.InJuly2014theJFTCwillconductitsfirstTAATTrainingEvent.ThiseventwillsupportthepostISAF2014ResoluteSupportmission.Thisnon-combatprogramcontinuedtotrainbothMilitaryandPoliceadvisorsdeployingwithinAfghanArmyandPolicebutonlyattheabovecorpsandministeriallevels.OnceagainthistrainingwillbesupportedwiththeparticipationofANAofficersandPolicefromANSFCorpsinstitutionsandministeriallevelorganizations.ThethinningupprocesswascomingtoitscompletionwhichhasresultedinthedemiseofthebelowKandakadvisorsforboththePoliceandmilitary.Thismissionadoptedalimitedregionalandinstitutionalsupportapproach.Thismeansthatmajorityofthesupportistobecen-teredonKabulBagrambutwithfourothermainlocationsHeratMazar-ESharifKandaharandShorabak.TheAdvisorswillonlyprovideadvicetosupportCorpsMOIandMODlevelprocessesandwillcontinueliaisonbetweenANAANPandResoluteSupportHQ.Finallytheteamswillnolon-gerassesstheANSFunitsoverallcapabili-tiesassecurityforcesbutwillnowmonitortheANSFownassessmentprogramtodetermineanytrendsandprovideassis-tanceoradviceasrequired.AllthesetypesoftrainingeventsweresupportedbySubjectMatterExpertsfromAlliednationsNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsInternationalOrganizationsandpartneredAfghanNationalSecurityForcesrepresentativeswiththetrainingaudience.Theresultisthatthedeployingpersonnelreceivedthelatesttrainingavail-ableandwereabletoengagewiththosewhohadfirst-handknowledgeontheactualsituationintheatre.GeneralConclusionSinceitscreationinMarch2004theJFTChasprovidedtheAlliancewithjointtrainingatthetacticallevelinitiallywithaspecialfocusontheNRFComponentCommandsandlateronin2008withapriorityforongoingoperations.ForseveralyearstheJFTCplayedakeyroleinsupport-ingISAFpre-deploymenttrainingsuchasRCtrainingandpreparationofMilitaryAdvisoryTeamsMAT.TodaytheJFTCisuniquefortheAllianceasaremarkabletoolinNATOsinventoryfortrainingexercisesandforcepreparation.TheJFTChasincorporatedanddemonstratedcomplexityandimportanceoftrainingforthefutureoftheAlliance.ItisperfectlyinlinewiththeACTCommandersprioritiesasitfocusedonconductingpre-deploymenttrainingforcurrentoperationswhileatthesametimealsotrainingNATOCommandandForcestructures.NowastheISAFmissioniscomingtoanendtheCentrewasgivenanotherchallengingtasktrainingforfuturemembersoftheResoluteSupportmission.In2014theCentrewillstartitsnewtrainingprojecttheTrainAdviseAssistCommandNorthTAAC-NTrainAdviseAssistTeamTAATTrainingEvent. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201429ThefirstkandakBattalionlevelOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamOMLTtrainingstartedattheJointMultinationalReadinessCenterJMRCinHohenfelsGermanyonMay2006.In2007theJFTCstartedtocoordinatethistrainingeventandfinishedinApril2014withthelastkandaklevelMilitaryAdvisorTeamtraining.InDecember2010thetrainingwascombinedwiththeparticipa-tionofthePoliceOperationalMentorandLiaisonTeamsPOMLTaswell.Duringthattime27TrainingEventswereheldwithatotalnumbersof8.403participants288OMLTMATand50POMLTPAT.TheaimofthistrainingwastopreparetheteamstosuccessfullyexecutetheirmissionofadvisingAfghanNationalSecurityForcesANSFinaccordancewiththeAfghandoctrine.Italwayspro-videdtheknowledgeandskillstocoor-dinateandliaisewithANSFandISAF.FormostnationssendingteamstherewasnobetterwaytoreceivetheproperphaseIIpre-deploymenttrainingthaninHohenfels.Duringalltheseyearsthetrainingcentrehasdemonstratedpro-fessionalismandprovidedexperienceandfacilitiesnecessarytoachievethetrainingobjectives.Oneofthemainadvantagesofthistrainingisarealistictrainingenvi-ronmenttherealliveintheatresce-narioANSFreplicatorsparticipationandsupportthatprovidesculturalawareness.Thegraphsbelowshowthenumberofteamsandparticipantsintherespectiveyears.9YearsofKandakMilitaryAdvisorTeamTrainingLTCJoseMunaizESPJFTCTrainingDivision01020304050200620072008200920102011201220132014POMLTPATOMLTMAT05001000150020002500200620072008200920102011201220132014OMLTPOMLTNUMBEROFPARTICIPANTSNUMBEROFTEAMSPhotoCourtesyofJointMultinationalReadinessCenter 30TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014OMLT-MATtrainingevolutionThebasicdesignofthiscentralizedNATOsponsoredtrainingasthePhaseIIofpre-deploymentforISAFmissionconsistedoftwophases-anacademicphaseandafieldtrainingphase.ThemissionoftheteamsinAfghanistanwaschangedwiththereadinessstatusoftheANSFUnits.Inaccordancewithitthecontentofthetrainingwaschangedtoo.Themostimportantchangehappenedin2012withnewSecurityForceAssistanceConceptofOperations.Theteamsreducedtheircompositionthemissionconsistedoflessteachingbutmoreadviceandmorefocusofthestaffpartonthecounterpartunits.TheMATorPATacronymsappeartosubstitutetheformeronestheOMLTandPOMLT.TheANSFparticipationinthistrainingeventhasalsochanged-fromcompleteANAUnitstotraintheteamsonhowtomentortojustoneselectedgroupofofficersandNCOsprovidingculturalawarenesstoeachteam.JFTCtasksduringthetrainingSince2007theJFTChasdirect-edtheexercisefromNATOsideinclosecoordinationwiththeJMRCinchargeoftheexecutionofthetraining.DuringtheplanningphasetheJFTCstartstrackingparticipationsendstheConfirmationLetterandconductstheFinalCoordinationConferenceofeachtrainingevent.DuringtheexecutionphasetheJFTCdeploysaCommandandControlTeamtothetrainingareatocoordinatethereceptionstagingmove-mentandtrainingoftheteams.ItalsoconductstheSubjectMatterExpertsmeetingsandcontributestotheAfterActionReviewprocess..PhotoCourtesyofJointMultinationalReadinessCenterPhotoCourtesyofJointMultinationalReadinessCenter TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201431TheJFTCwasoriginallyfoundedasatrainingcentretaskedtoconductandsupporttheNATOCommandStructureNATOForceStructureTrainingNCSNFSTraining.DuetotheneedsofCurrentNATOOperationstheJFTCmissionwasforalongtimeentirelydedicatedtopre-deploymenttrainingoftheISAFRegionalCommandsandtheformerOMLTforma-tion.In2012theJFTCjoinedtheNATOResponseForceNRFcyclesubstantiallysupportingtheNRFcertificationoftheAlliedRapidReactionCorpsAARCintheExerciseNobleLedger2012NOLR12inSt.MawganGreatBritain.ThisinvolvementcanbeconsideredastheJFTCsentrypointforre-engagementinNRFTraining.Thefollowingyear2013broughtsomeimportantnewsfortheJFTC.InlateFebruary2013itwasagreedoncommanderlevelthatthenewlyestab-lishedHQLandCommandLCinIzmirTurkeywaslookingforastrategicpart-nertotrainitsstaffandexecuteitsfirstjointexercisetounderlineandproveitsInitialOperationalCapabilityIOCunderdeploymentconditions.SACTdesignatedtheJFTCtoprovideaprimarytrainingeventandexercisesupporttoLCIzmir.LoyalBonus2013LOBS13wasthefirststepintheentirecycletowardstheFullOperationalCapabilityFOC.FortheJFTCthiscommitmentwasachal-lengetoo-ithadtodevelopinstitutionalcapabilitytosupportanNRForientedLCExercisetakingoverresponsibilitiesoftheOfficerDirectingtheExerciseODE.ThatmeanthavingCOMJFTCintheroleoftheExerciseDirectorEXDIR.SobesidesthefactthattheJFTCstaffwasalreadypartiallyinvolvedincapitalizingonExerciseSteadfastJazz13SFJZ13forNRFfamiliarizationandcapabilitygrowththeLOBS13hadanotherqual-itybecauseitwasanadditionalandfullyoperationalNRFtask.Likeinearly2013LCIzmirstaffwaslimitedinnumbersoconceptanddesignofLOBS13wasmainlycarriedoutbytheJFTC.TheestablishedCorePlanningTeamCPTwasfullydedicatedtotheLOBS13exercisepreparationcon-tinuingandevenexpandingstaffengage-mentandcoordinationopportunitieswithLCIzmir.ButwhatwasitaboutThisistheLCIzmirMissionStatementTheAlliedLandCommandExercisein2014istobeamulti-echelonexercisethatisconductedusingaHighIntensityWarfareSKOLKANScenario.Theexer-cisewouldseeAlliedLandCommandserv-ingasaCombinedForcesLandComponentCommandCFLCCunderaJointForceCommandJFCandwithtwoGraduatedReadinessForcesLGRFLundercom-mandoftheCFLCC.ThepurposeofthisJFTCRe-engagesinNCSNFSPreparationLOYALBONUS13LTCJosipSeverDEUJFTCTrainingDivision 32TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014exercisewouldbetotestandvalidatethecapabilityofLandCommandintermsofCommandandControlandDeployabilitywhilstatthesametimeallowingittogaincredibility.RigorandcomplexitywillbetwoofthekeycomponentsrequiredoftheexerciseinordertoprepareLandCommandtocarryoutitsmission.Duetolackofexperiencemanykeyassumptionswerenecessarythroughouttheplanningcycletoproposefeasiblesolutionstomitigatetheexistinglackofcriticalmis-sioninformationHowbigintotalfigureswouldLCIzmirTrainingAudiencebe-necessarytoknowtocreateandfinalizearealisticOrderofBattleORBATcreateestablishandagreeuponpreciseandmeasurableTrainingObjectivesmitigatemanningissuesandestablishtheExercisePlanassoonaspossibleagreeuponcriticaltimelinesandthewayaheadincludingallparticipatingentitiesaHigherControlHICONwasneededtheJFTCrequestedsupportofanexternalagencyhavinginmindtheideaofcollab-orativeinvolvementLowerControlLOCONneededtobesupportedthroughcoordinationwithLCIzmirResponseCellsRCcouldbecoordinatedandsupportedasrequiredfortheexerciseNATOcommonfundingwouldsupportthebudgetrequirementsLCIzmirstaffwouldbeabletopro-videtimelyplanningcontributionsforthedevelopmentoftheExerciseSpecificationEXSPECandstillpendingexerciserequirementslastbutnotleastthatSHAPEwouldsup-portandestablishprecedenceforfuturerolesresponsibilitiesandcontributions.Forpreparationpurposesandduetoasignificantshortageoftime-onlysevenmonthstoconductthenecessarystepswith-intheplanningcycletheJFTCCPTspentnearly100travellingdaysinpreparationexecutingtheNRFcyclewithLCIzmirinakindofacceleratedtime-lapse.WelearnedveryquicklythattheonlyrealisticwayaheadistoexerciseakindofBattleStaffTrainingBSTandnotthedesiredExercise. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201433ToeasethechallengeabittheuseofthebasicideaoftheSFJZ13scenarioforLOBS13helped.NeverthelessthenextstepsinchronologicalorderwerequitechallengingwehadthebasicscenarioandthedevelopedSFJZ13OPLANbuttheoverallscenariowasnotfittingtoLOBS13intent.WewerelookingforascenariowithstrongandcapableOpposingForcesOPFOR.ThereforeitwasnecessarytosignificantlyenhancetheOPFORcom-paredtothescenarioofSFJZ13.TheJFTCJ2SMEdeliveredamasterpiecebasedonwhichthefollowingstepscouldbecon-ducted1.AdjustrewritetheSteadfastJazzOPLANfor13purposesofLCIZMIRLOBS2.ConductaThreatAssessmentbasedontheOPLAN3.Developaproperscenario4.ExecutethescriptingonbasisoftherefinedOperationPlanOPLANandthedevelopedscenarioTheJFTCdevelopedanadaptedandsuit-ablescenarioforLCIzmirdesiredMajorJointOperationPlusenvironment.MoreovertheentireMELMILscriptingandmassagingoftheprocesswerecon-ductedwithaverylimitedexternalsupport.BesidesTrainingDivisiontheWarGamingBranchoftheTrainingSupportDivisionandtheRealLifeSupportwerepermanentmem-bersandverybusystakeholdersinthisrush-ingandchallengingphase.AbigsupportthroughouttheentireplanningcyclewasprovidedespeciallybytheMultinationalCorpsNorthEastMNCNEinSzczecin.LOBS13wasexecutedasscheduledinNovember2013.ItwasabigsuccessandaremarkableproductforbothpartnersononehandforLCIzmirprovingitscapabil-ityasanoperationalHQandontheotherhandfortheJFTCprovingitscapabilitytoundergoanextensivepreparationcyclewithlimitedcapacityandexecuteaself-developedproductthatisperfectlytailoredtotheneedsofthecustomer. 34TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014Conflictresolutioninthemodernerahasrequiredafusionofnationalandinternationalpowerpoliticaldiplomaticsocialeconomicaswellasmilitary.TheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationNATOhastakenstepstoadoptaComprehensiveApproachthishasbeenastepchangesincetheendoftheColdWartheBalkansIraqAfghanistanallresultingininitiativestocre-ateprogramstowardseffectiveconflictreso-lution.WhilstNATOcanprovideamilitaryelementtoaComprehensiveApproachthereisanimportantneedforpan-governmentalnationalandinternationalagenciestoprovidethecivilianelements.ThisarticleaimstodetailsomeofthefrictionswiththeconceptofaComprehensiveApproachconsiderthenewlyestablishInter-AgencymodelanddescribetheworkofWhiteCellNATOexercises.Itishopedthisarticlewillhelpdemonstratesomesuccessesofexternalsupporttoexercisesthatunder-pinthetrainingattheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTC.Underpinningtheterminolo-gyComprehensiveApproachInter-AgencyconceptWhiteCellshouldbeacommongoalofwantingtoachieveunityofeffortandanacceptancethatallthreeinstrumentsofpowermoralphysicalconceptualarerequiredforsuccess1.ComprehensiveApproachCAButwhatisthisconceptandwherediditcomefrominNATOHowisitrelatedtotheInter-AgencyConceptandhowaretheseconceptsbeingreplicatedinourmis-sionrehearsaltraining.TheverynotionoftheCAissteepedinconfusionandlacksacommondefinition.Thisglobalconceptisoftenassociatedwithcivil-militarycoopera-tionbutitgoesbeyondtheexistingNATOdoctrineonenhancedcivil-militarycoop-erationCIMIC2.Furthermoreithasoftenbeengroupedwithtermssuchascounterin-surgencyProvincialReconstructionTeamsPRT-Afghanistanpeacesupportoperationsstabilityoperationsandcrisismanagement.Thesetermsinthemselvesdonotdothecon-ceptjusticeandleavethereaderwithasenseofdoctrinalspin.AprecisedefinitionforaComprehen-siveApproachisdifficultmainlybecausemostnationshaveintroducedtheirown.ThisinternationalconceptfindsitsrootsintheUNandEUbutthatdoesnotmeantheNATOcommunityagreesonit.InessencetheCAisaphilosophyandastateofmindanapprovedsetofprinciplesandmethodsintendedtoprovidelargeorganisationswithacommonoutlookandauniformbasisforaction3.ExperiencefromRCNtrainingsuggeststhatevenNATOsmembersinAfghanistanandbetweenthemandtheGovernmentoftheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanGIRoAhavedifferingopinions.WithanyconceptualthinkingtherewillbelargeareasofgreynomoresothanwhenfindingcontinuityinNATOsCA.Twounderlyingprinciplesseemtobeexpressedthroughoutrelevantdocumenta-tion.TwoprincipleshavebeenexpressedinseveralNATOdocumentsinclud-ingTheDeclarationonAllianceSecurity20094NATOsBucharestSummit20085WhiteCellTheImportanceofExternalSupportMr.ChesneyClarkSeniorConsultantinOAKASLtd.Thetruebasisforunityofcommandliesintheearnestcooperationoftheseniorofficers.Thisinvolvesthehumanequationandmustbemetdaybyday.PatiencetolerancefranknessabsolutehonestyinalldealingsparticularlywithallpersonsoftheoppositenationalityandfirmnessareabsolutelyessentialGeneralDwightDEisenhower TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201435ComprehensivePoliticalGuidance20066andtheRigaSummit20067.Thetwoprin-ciplesare1.StrengtheningcooperationwithotherinternationalactorswiderthanEUUN2.CombiningcivilianandmilitarycapabilitiesmoreeffectivelyArguablythese2principlesgiveaframe-workforNATOCAthinking.Whereconfu-sionanduncertaintyhasbeenintroducedhasbeeninthelackofdetaileddirectionastohowNATOshouldcooperateatwhatlevelandwithwhooutsideofitself.AsJohnsonwritesinhisworkontheissuethesequestionsarecontingentonpoliticalrealtieswithintheparticularregionorstateinwhichNATOforcesoperate.TheycanchangeineveryinstancebasedonwhatNationsoftheAllianceagreeto.InsumNATOHQspoliticalstrategicleveluseofaCAshouldbetoresolveconflictsanoverarchingcon-ceptinthetoolboxoftheplanningprocess.Inter-AgencyConceptWhydonationalinter-nationalandcivmilagenciesstruggletoworktogetherThisisperhapsduetothefactthatmilitarydoctrinegivesclearanddefiniteparametersandprac-ticeswhereasincontrastprivateandothernongovernmentalreliefagenciestypicallylackformaldoctrinethoughtheymayhavesomewrittenstandardoperatingprocedures.Thisfrictionisnotagamechangerpersebutdoesmakesecondguessingtheactionsofexternalagenciesdifficultformilitaryplanners.Oneclearexamplefortherequire-mentofInter-AgencyleadisthatfactthatmostNGOsPVOsmeettheirmilitarycoun-terpartsforthefirsttimeonthegroundinthetheatreofoperationsorcrisisarea.Thishighlightingtheneedtoforgelongtermlinkswithinapermanentlyestab-lishedInter-Agencycenterunderthecom-mandofasuitablyappointedleadership.InessencecreatingapermanentInter-Agencyoperationscenteristhenecessaryfirststeptowardimprovingcivil-militarycoordination.Thecharacterisesofeachcellwillreflectthedirectionandguidanceofthecommander-in-chiefallowingfortheindividualleadershipstyleoftheunit.Forexamplesomecellsmaycontainonlyalimitedamountofcivilianexpertswhereasanothercellmayreflecttheparticularissuesofacrisisandbuildastaffaccordinglytofocusedefforte.g.ahumanitariancrisismayhavealargeamountofexpertsfromarefugeerelatedbackground.ApositiveobservationfromtheRegionalCommandNorthstaffvisitsconductedwiththeJointForceTrainingCentreJFTChasbeentheincreaseofstaffhorsepowerintothiselementoftheHQOPCCCOandanimplementationofles-sonslearntfromInter-Agencythinking.AsanexampleashugesuccessstoryhasbeentheintroductionandestablishmentoftheRegionalMediaInformationCentreRMICabespokebuildingwithinMazar-i-Sharifwhichcontainsarangeofbroadcastjour-nalistsAfghancivilianswhoworktopro-ducejournalisticoutputacrosstheNorthofAfghanistan.ThiswasaclassicInter-AgencytypeprojectUNMediaMiltocreateafocalpointforInfluenceoperationsbyRCNSoftpowerhavinghugeoperationalimpact.InmymindaswecompletethetransitiontoOperationResoluteSupportNATOscon-tinuedadvisoryroletotheANSFwemustinvestintimefinancesandeducationtoensurethattheInter-AgencyConceptisgiventhepositionandstatusthatitsodeserves.AdditionallyitmustbereplicatedonMissionRehearsalExercises.WhiteCellThechallengeformilitaryexerciseplannersisthatofreplication.Howdosce-narioexpertscreatetherightconditionstoallowthecommandertoexercisehisStafftoaddpressureandtotest.Toacertainextentwehavebeenspoiledby12yearsofmilitaryoperationswithinAfghanistanourplanninghasinmanywaysbeenfixedwithincertainclearparam-etersandgeo-politicallandscape.Withinthecontingencylandscapepredictionbecomesanartformhowtosecondguessthenextworldhotspotandpreparetoexercisetroopswhomaywelldeploythere.Whatiscertainisthatwecannolongerignoreissuessur-roundingtheComprehensiveApproachandthecreationofInter-Agencygroupingsonthecontrarythismustinformourthinkingandbeafocalpartofourplanning.ThetermWhiteCellisusedtodefineapoolofexerciseplayerswhoprovidetherealtimerole-playfunctionandacademicexpertisetoensurethattheCommanderandwiderStaffareconsideringissuessurround-ingNGOGOPVOinvolvementandliaisingwiththem.ThesuccessfulintegrationofallkeyNGOGOandothercivilianplayersiscriticaltoidentifyingwherecivilianagenciesplugin.ItisthisfrictionthatcanbecreatedbytheuseofbespokeWhiteCellproviders.DefenseConsultancyfirmssuchasOAKASLtdprovideaneatsolutiontoexerciseplan-nersnamelytheprovisionofacapabilitypackagetosignificantlyenhanceatrainingaudienceexperienceandensurethattheInter-Agencypieceiscapturedwithintrain-ingobjectives.Inbroadbrushthepackageistwo-fold.Thefirstelementisagroupofaca-demicsubjectmatterexpertsSMEwhohaveabackgroundinpoliticalscienceorhaveworkedwithinvariousinfluentialposi-tions.TheseSMEscontributetotheMissionSpecificTrainingMSTintheformoflec-turesroundtablediscussionsandpaneldis- 36TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014cussions.Inadditiontheyboltontothesce-narioandscriptingteamstocreateinjectionsandstorylineswithintheirareaofexpertisee.g.UNHCRmaywellbriefTAonrefugeeissuesinRCNandthenwritesomeinjectsfocusedonbordercontrolissuesfoodshort-ages.Thesecondelementisthatofrole-play.Experiencedpersonnelwithfieldexperi-enceculturaladvisorsandspecificcountryDiasporacreatevignettesandinjectionswiththescriptingteamandthenplayouttheirroleplaywiththeTA.Thistrain-ingaddsarealismandcomplexitytothetrainingandallowsforWorkingBoardsorRegionalCouncilmeetingstobeplayedoutforrealE.g.usingroleplayerstoactastheProvincialGovernorataRegionalOperationalCoordinationCentremeeting.InrecentyearstheJFTChasseenfirsthandevidenceofcontractinginaWhiteCellcapabilityandtheaddedbenefitsofprofes-sionalcredibleindividualswhoprovideresil-ienceandcontinuitytoanalreadystretchedtrainingcenter.AstheNATOmachinelookstodomorewithlessthefiscalconsider-ationsofabespokeWhiteCellcapabilitythatdeliversthroughlifeexercisesupportisamustandanessentialelementtoexercisesuccess.WehavelikewiseseenarealsuccessstoryinthecontinueduseofAfghanNationalPoliceANPandAfghanNationalArmyANApersonnelonallMilitaryAdvisoryTeamMATandRCNexercises.ThisuniquearrangementseesANPANAperson-nelflownoverfromAfghanistantoassistrealtimetrainingfrictionslanguagebarrierspersonalityclashesandculturaldifferencesalladdtotheTAexperience.ThismodeloftrainingdevelopedattheJFTChasbeenfrontandcentertoachievingforcereadinessaheadofdeploymentonoccasionJFTCstaffhaveenabledTAtomeettheirexactANAANPcounterpartsandtostarttoforgerelationshipspriortodeployment.TheroleoftheSMEcontractorinthisinstanceistoensurethatthescenarioforcesdialoguecre-atescomplexityandisinlinewithlessonsidentifiedfrompreviousexercises.ArguablyitisusuallymilitaryHQsthatprovidethePhysical8meanstoenableabroadercomprehensiveapproachbecausetheyhavetheresourcesandcanprovidetheirownsecurity.Buttheapproachdoesnotneedtobemilitaryledthroughoutandoncesecurityhasbeenfirmlyestablishedotheractorscantakecharge.Inter-Agencyorganisationsthatareprogressivefor-wardlookingteamspriortotheoperationMissionRehearsalExerciseshavethebestchanceofsuccess.ItismorethanevidentthatInter-Agencycoordinationisimportantifnotcriticalandmustcontinuetobeconsideredinanyseriousmilitaryorganisationalstruc-ture.WhilsttherearesomeclearflawsintheInter-Agencycoordinationmechanismatboththestrategicandoperationallevelsseeabovethealternativeisareturntothelegacystovepipingandblinkeredapproachofthepast.TheNATOmissioninAfghanistanisdrawingtoacloseafterademandingandcostlyconflictwhatwillbecriticalwillbetocaptureandretainthelessonsidentifiedandlessonslearntbytheJFTCsurroundingcivil-militaryco-operationandactivityandreplicateitthroughWhiteCellsupportonallMissionRehearsalExercisesinthefuturethatwilltrulyseetheTransformationthroughTrainingmantraplayedout.1TheJointOperationArmyDoctrinePublicationOperations-Chapter4.2TheComprehensiveApproachtoCivil-MilitaryCrisisManagementACriticalAnalysisandPerspective2010byDr.CcileWendling.3ComprehensiveApproachThreeSwordsMagazineJohnsonT.FMay2010.4NATODeclarationonAllianceSecurity2009.5NATOBucharestSummit2008.6NATOComprehensivePoliticalGuidance2006.7NATORigaSummit2006.8TheJointOperationArmyDoctrinePublicationOperations-Chapter4. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May20143710yearshavepassedsincetheestab-lishmentoftheJFTC31stMarch2004.FromtheverybeginningthekeyroleofTrainingSupportBranchTSBwhichdevelopedintoTrainingSupportDivision2010wastoorganizeandexecutetrain-ingandexercisesbasedonandsupportedbythenewestinformationtechnology.10yearsisaneternityintheinfor-mationtechnologyITworldasMooreslawstatesthenumberoftransistorsonintegratedcircuitsdoublesapproximatelyeverytwoyears.Similartendenciescanbeobservedoverthe10yearsoftrain-ingsupportpracticerolesandfunctions.ThemeaningandroleofITformodernmilitaryexercisesiswithoutanydoubtcrucial.Nowadaysitishardforyoungofficerstoimagineexecutinganexer-cisewiththeuseofapapermappencilandaruler.AmongstthepossibilitiesthatIToffersarefosteringdecisionmakingprocesseseasiercommunicationbetweenthestakeholdersautomaticregistrationofCommandControlC2processesandanopportunitytoexecuteagivenexerciseinseveralremotelocationssimultaneouslyandallthisinarealtimemodule.Paradoxicallyinsteadofdropinmanpowerasaconsequenceofthegrow-ingimportanceofelectronicequipmentwecanobservetheoppositetrendwhichisanincreasingnumberofITqualifiedperson-neltoeffectivelydealwiththesurround-ingtechnology.SuchatendencycouldbeobservedalsowithintheTrainingSupportDivisionTSD.Whatstartedwithan-eight-personnelbranchTSBgrewintoaDivisionwithcurrently23membersmili-taryNATOciviliansandcontractorsofdifferentbackgrounds.TheTSDstructurereflectsthefieldsinwhichtheDivisionworksanddevelops.Since2012thecur-rentstructurehasincludedtwoseparatebranchestheWargamingBranchWGBandComputerandInformationServicesCISBranch.WGBrecognizedbeforeasaComputerAssistedExercise-CAXworkswithintwomainfieldsModellingandSimulationMSandConceptDevelopingExperimentationCDE.MSmainchallengeistodevelopandrunsimulationsforpre-deploymentexercisesbothforpotentialNATOResponseForcesNRFandNATOin-theatrecurrentmis-sionstobeasclosetorealityaspossible.Inordertoachievethissimulatorsofvariedspectrumareusedincludingsinglesoldiersimulationsimilartocomputergames-VirtualBattlespace2VBS2tacticalfieldsimulation-JointConflictandTacticalSimulationJCATSandfinallyreflectionofthestrategicandpoliticalsituation-JointTheaterLevelSimulationJTLS.TrainingSupportDivisionYesterdayTodayTomorrowMAJDariuszKorpalskiPOLJFTCTrainingSupportDivision 38TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014Oneofthemainfieldsofinter-estforCDEistheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFI.CFIisaphilosophyandbroadpoliticalguidanceasdefinedontheNATOwebpageasmaintainingNATOsreadinessandcombateffectivenessthroughexpandededucationandtrainingincreasedexercisesandthebetteruseoftechnology.Toenhancetrainingandreduceredundan-cytheCommandersofAlliedCommandTransformationACTandAlliedCommandOperationsACOarelookingforopportunitiestoCombineNATOandNationalExercises.OnechallengeishowtocoordinateNATOCommandandForceStructurewithNationalHQsandForces.TheJFTCsroleistoworkasapointofentryforthenationstotheNATOtrainingenvironmentandtoprovidemoreefficientuseofnationalandNATOtrainingcapabil-itiesinordertoimprovetrainingofNATOCommandStructuresNCSNATOForceStructuresNFSandbelowsharingwithnations.CISfunctionsareplanningandcoor-dinationbothduringTrainingEventsTEandthroughoutexpandingandsustainingcurrentAutomatedInformationSystemsAIS.ItisasimilarfunctiontotheoneperformedbyJ-6unitsinoperationalHQs.TheCISBranchdeliversacommonITplat-formfortheentirecorebusinessinJFTC.Presentlyitisextremelydifficulttoimag-inecomplexeventssuchastrainingsforCommandandForceStructureofNATOHQswithoutextensiveITsupport.WithinthemilitaryenvironmentCISisconsideredthenervewithoutwhichthesynchronizationandmanage-mentofremainingcomponentswouldbeimpossible.CISisalsolookingandplanningintothefutureforpotentialtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatwillfurtherenhancetrainingandtheJFTC.Fallingbehindmaymeanlosingcompatibilityandrel-evancewithinNATOstrainingmission.Aconstantraceforthenewesttechnolo-giesbecameoneofthepriorities.ArecentITupgradewastheimplementationofaVirtualDesktopInfrastructureVDI.ImplementedinJuly2013theVDI-basedsystemworksnowinallJFTCcomputernetworksitintegratedexistinguserser-vicesintoaCloudComputingenviron-mentservedfromtheJFTCdatacenter.Itisoneofthecutting-edgetechnologiesthatthankstoJFTCsresourcesbothequip-mentandlicensescandeliverservicesto945workstationsinfourdifferentnet-worksNATOSecretNATOUnclassifiedExerciseExperimental.OnonehandtheCISworkisbasedontherequirementsformulatedbytheJFTCTrainingDivisionTDontheotherCIStransfersthoserequirementstotheNATOCommunicationandInformationAgencyServiceOperationsBydgoszczNCIASOBwhoisthefinallinkintheprocessofdeliveringCISservicestotheJFTC.AsaresultoftheplanningprocessTDexpectationsaretranslatedintotechni-calrequirementsC4planCommandControlCommunicationComputersandimplementedbyITpersonnelofNCIASOB.Communicationcooperationpreci-sionandtimelyplanningarekeytosuc-ceed.Ofcoursemiscommunicationoccurshoweverintheendtheyaresuccessfullysolvedanddonotinfluencecompletionofprojects.Itiscrucialtomaintainhighlevelofcooperationespeciallywiththeperspec-tiveofforthcomingchangesonNCIAsidereorganizationcustomfundedapproachtakeoverofITinfrastructureandbudget.Thecommontraceofbothentitiesisper-manentinnovationmodernizationandreadinessforflexibleadaptationtoeverchangingexternalcircumstances.Besidescorebusinesssupport-ingtheexercisestheTSDisinvolvedinanumberofotherinitiatives.OneofwhichisCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityeXplorationeXperimentationandeXami-nationeXerciseCWIX.CWIXisaNACendorsedMilitaryCommitteedirectedandC3ConsultationCommandandControlBoardguidedBilateralStrategicCommandBi-SCannualprogrammedesignedtosupportthecontinuousimprovementofinteroperabilityfortheAlliance.CWIXis AirGeospatialMeteorologicalOceanographicGeoMetOcLandJointIntelligenceSurveillanceandReconnaissanceJISRMaritimeLogisticsMedicalJointMultilateralInteroperabilityProgrammeMIPBallisticMissileDefenseBMDMultilevelSecurityCivilianMilitaryCIVMILModellingandSimulationMSCyberDefenseMobileComputingFriendlyForceTrackingFFTServiceOrientedArchitectureSOAFederatedMissionNetworkFMNTacticalDatalinkTDLFocusAreasinCWIXTransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201439thebiggestinteroperabilityexercisewithinNATOwhosefocusarealieswithinCISandalsofromthisyearontheMSsroleisexpectedtogrowinthenextfewyears.ThisisanACTledeventwithsupportprovidedbytheJFTCastheprimarylocationforCWIX.TheJFTCisnotjustprovidingthefacilitybutalsoactivelyparticipatesinthetechnicaltestingandset-upoftheevent.TheTSDsrolewithinthisenterpriseistodesignandbuildthenetworkthatenablesCWIXovertheCombinedFederatedBattleLaboratoriesNetworkCFBLNetconnec-tionswithinJFTCandthroughINFOSECtoensureallCISsecurityrequirementsaremetinadditiontoallnetworkandsystemsthatareaccreditedthroughNATOpriortoCWIXExecution.CWIXhasbeenhostedattheJFTCsince2011andisscheduledtoremainherethroughatleast2017.TheJFTCactivelyfulfillsitsroleasACTssupportforCWIX.AstheSiteLeadtheJFTCsresponsibilityincludescoordinatingallsupportbetweentheJFTCACTandtheNations.In2014theJFTCacceptedco-lead-ershiprolewithintheMSFocusArea.ExpandedresponsibilityisimportantasitmovestheJFTCintoanactiveroleasaparticipantinfutureCWIXevents.TheCWIXprovidesagoodvenuetopracticeinteroperabilityandgivesanavenuetofurtherimplementCFIprincipleswithinCWIXandNATO.Thiseffortisimportanttofuturemultinationaltrainingeventsasitprovidesanopportunitytotestinteroper-abilitywithintheMSandthenwiththeappropriateC2systemsaswell.CWIXisnotatypicalcollectivetrainingstaffexercisewithaclearlydefinedtrainingaudiencewithassociatedtrainingobjectives.CWIXprovidesavenueforinteroperabilitytestingbetweennationalandNATOcommunicationsystems.Theabilitytotestandsharetheresultscanidentifyinteroperabilityshortfallsbeforemulti-nationaloperationsorexercises.TheimplementationprocedureofthenewCISsystemsconsistsofthreephasesTestCertifyUse.CWIXdealswiththefirstphasewithinwhichtestsareruninordertoassesssystemsapplicabilityforNRFFMNISAFandJointLandAirandMaritime.CWIXisopenforbothNATOmem-bersandPartnerNationsfocusingonallcomponentsAirLandandMaritime.WideningCWIXfocusareaispossiblethankstothenumberofparticipatingnations18in2013andFocusAreasseetable1.ThankstothisCWIXgivesauniqueopportunitytoconfrontinteroper-abilityofsystemsfeatures.Table1.FocusAreasinCWIXTheinterestofthenationsinCWIXcanbeillustratedinthefollowingdatabetween700-900participantsatJFTCareexpectedinJune2014around4000TestCases140CISplatformsandfinal-lyaround20distributedtestingsiteswhichenablesadditionaltestingandexpansionoftestingopportunities.ITthebasisoftheTSDworkisaspecificfieldwherenolong-termprogno-sisispossibleduetoitsrapidlydevelopingnature.Howevertherearevisibletenden-ciessuchasCloudComputingcentralizeddatastorageandmanagementwiththeuseofpowerfuldatacenters.TheJFTCwithitsworldclassdatacentreisagoodexampleofimplementationofthissolution.Profitsofcloudingincluderemoteaccesstodatasharingandexchangingitwithotherusersandfinancialefficiencyusersdonotrequirehighlydevelopedworkstationstheyonlyneeddesktopterminals.Anothertrendisthegrowthintech-nologiesconnectedwithremoteservicessuchasVideoTeleconferencesVTCremoteITservicesupportdistributingexercisestoanumberoflocationsevenondifferentcontinents.TakingintoaccountfutureITwithinNATOitisimportanttomentionNATOsFutureMissionNetworkConceptwhichwasapprovedbytheMilitaryCommitteeon16Nov2012basedonbestpracticesthatcamefromtheAfghanMissionNetworkAMNexperience.TheconceptprovidesguidanceforestablishingfederatedMissionNetworkMNcapabilitiesforthefuture.ACTisleadingthedevelopmentoftheNATOFMNImplementationPlanandtheJFTCbeingpartoftransformationfamilyisbeinginvolvedinthisproject.ThemainobjectivesofFMNFederatedMissionNetworkinanutshellaretofacilitateseamlesshuman-to-humancommunicationacrosstheforceformissionplanningandexecutionandtoallowasingleviewofthebattlespaceacrosstheMissionNetworkforNATOandpartners.TakingintoconsiderationalltheabovementionedfactsitcanbeconcludedthattherolesofboththeWGBandCISbrancheswillgrow.Thereforeupcominganniversaries20th30thandonwardwillbemostlikelydescribedasgreatrevolution-arystepsintechnologicaldevelopmentwhichmakesforachallengingandexcitingfuturefortheTrainingSupportDivisionasanimportantcomponentoftheJFTC. 40TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014TheNorthAtlanticAllianceperiodi-callythroughoutitsdecadeslonghistoryhashadtheremarkableabilitytochangeitsmethodologyandprocessestoimproveitsabilitytoperformitsprimarymissionofpro-vidingmembernationsamilitaryandpoliti-caldeterrenttoanypotentialaggressor.Asthegeo-politicalsituationinEuropeandtheworldhasevolvedoverthesedecadesitwascriticalthatthealliancechangeandmodifyinordertomeetthechallengesinherentwithinthenewsecurityenvironment.AswatchersofNATOknoweachdecadedem-onstratedtheabilityoftheAlliancetosuc-cessfullytransformthevariouslevelsofcommandstructuresandinternalandexter-nalrelationships.AsweknowtheAlliancesuccessfullyexpandedthegeographicandpoliticalfootprintinEuropeandwithothernon-regionalnations.Thiscreatedbetteruseandintegrationofemergingtechnologiestoassistwiththesechanges.ThetechnologyrevolutionwhichweallbenefitfromhashadaremarkableimpactontheAllianceandhasbecomeamajorforcingmechanismfortransformation.TheAllianceisfacedwithcom-petingandoftendivergentviews.Whileinternaltotheorganizationtheyoftenresultfromexternalnationalperspectivesofeventsandsituationsthattheninflu-enceandimpactthethoughtprocessandphilosophieswithintheorganization.ThefactthatmemberstateshavebeenworkingwithinfiscalconstraintsovermanyyearshashadaprofoundimpactonhowNATOandthenationsareconductingbusinessbothnowandinthenearterm.Membernationsalthoughfacedwithaconstrainedbudgetaryrealityhavebecomeincreas-inglyconcernedoverlosingmomentumwithtransformationandtheagreedvalueoflessonslearnedfromitsengagementinAfghanistan.Theprevalentideathatnationscanreducetheirdefensecostswhilemaintainingaviablemilitarypos-tureisbeingreviewedwithrespecttotherecentpoliticalandmilitarysituationalongnationalborders.Tocounter-balancetheperceivedneedfordefensereductionwhilemain-tainingandenhancingtheAlliancesabil-itytorespondtofuturethreatsSecretaryGeneralRasmussenandtheAlliedHeadsofStateannouncedduringtheChicagoSummitinMay2012aconceptthatwhenfullyimplementedwouldbalancethefis-calconstraintswithincreasedefficienciesintheNATOtrainingexerciseandedu-cationenvironments.TheconceptwouldensurethatNATOincreasestheabil-itytobeinteroperableandcreateforcesthataredeployableforfutureoperations.KnownastheConnectedForcesInitiativeorCFItheaimistostrengthenthebondsamongtheNATOCommandandForceStructuresNationalHeadquartersandPartnernations.CFIdevelopmentwillintegrateeducationtrainingexerciseandtechnologywithaparticularfocusonthehumandimension.WhenimplementedtheCFIwillenableNATOtoremainrelevantbybeingabletomeetnearmidandlong-termmissionrequirementsinacontinuallyevolvingsecurityenviron-ment.2StatedsuccinctlytheAlliancemustbecomeanexusofknowledgeaswellasbeingapolitico-militarynexus.TooptimizeacoherentandintegratedtrainingsystemcontributingdirectlytomaintainingacollectivesetofnationalforcesandaNATOCommandStructurewhichareinteroperableandpossessthefullrangeofcapabilitiesandstructuresfortheAlliancetobereadytorespondinanuncertainfuturesecurityenvironment.1BalancingTransformationinaPeriodofAusterityCharlesM.StibranyUSADefenseConsultantTheConnectedForcesInitiative TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201441AkeyaspectofCFIisthestatedunderstandingthattheAlliancewillshiftemphasisfromoperationalengagementtooperationalpreparedness.Theimplica-tionisthattheAlliancewillthenneedtoremaincapableofperformingitscoretasksasdescribedinitsStrategicConceptofmaintainingitsforcesatahighlevelofreadiness.InordertoachievethisAllianceleadershavesetoutthefollowinggoalofNATOForces2020Moderninteroperablehighlycon-nectedforcesthatareproperlyequippedtrainedexercisedandled.TheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFIwillhelpmaintainNATOsreadinessandcombateffectivenessthroughexpandededucationandtrainingandincreasedexercisesandbetteruseoftechnology.3WithintheCFIImplementationPlanasenvisionedbySACTtherearefourstrandsofactivityinwhichtheplanningforCFIwilltakeplaceEducationandTrainingIntegratedExerciseProgrammeEvaluationandCertificationAManagementProcesstomakeCFIareality.InlinewiththeSmartDefensephi-losophyasactualizedinCFIistheideaforanotableincreaseinmultinationalexer-cisesthroughtheplanningofAlliedtrainingeventsthatencompassthefullspectrumofconflictstoincreasetheAlliancesabilitytoconductmissions.SpecificallywithintheIntegratedExerciseProgrammestrandandinparallelwiththeotherstrandsofactivitymembernationsarelookingforresourceneutralcapabilitiescapabilitiesthatleveragenationalandNATOtechnicalresourcesinacosteffectivemanner.Asanexampleinthecaseofafederatedordistributedtrainingorexerciseeventourcurrenttechnologi-calcapabilityinexercisemanagementandexecutionwillhavetheeffectofloweringtravelandbilletingcosts.AdistributedtrainingandexercisenetworksupportsthetrainingaudiencebyenablingindividualnationsandtheirtrainingcentresaccesstostandardizedNATOcom-mandandcontrolC2systemsaswellasuseofavailablesimulationsystems.WithAlliancesupportitalsoplacesaNATOstamponatrainingeventorexercise.Arobustdistributednetworkcanbeusedbymultiplenationstoincreaseknowledgeandimproveinteroperabilityamongallpartici-pants.TheJFTCisnowactivelypreparingtosupportthesetypesofdistributedandfederatedexercisesasweplantoexecuteourpartoftheoverallCFIImplementationPlan.4UndertheauspicesofCFItheJointForceTrainingCentreis-basedonhisroletoprovidetrainingtoHeadquartersatthejointtacticallevel-theGatewayfornationsfuturetrainingandexercisesinanBeforewecandiscussindepthwhattheCFImeanstotheJointForceTrainingCenterweneedtounderstandthehierarchyorcontextinwhichCFIisplaced.TheCFIisembeddedintheoverarchingNATOForces2020andSmartDefenseConcepts.ThecreationofSmartDefenseisavehicletorealizethesynergisticbalancebetweencapabilitiesandfuturerequirements.Itisameansofmod-ernizationwithNATOintheroleofafacilitatororbrokeramongthenations.TheoverallintentofNATOForces2020istohighlightitsabilitytocontinuewithmodernizationduringaperiodofdefenseausterity.HierarchyofNATOConceptswithNations 42TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014NATOenvironmentbelowthejointopera-tionallevel.Thecentrehasapro-activegraspoftherequirementsfortheimple-mentationofCFIandisactivelypursuingitsmandatetoconnectwiththenationsandotherappropriateNATOforcestructures.ThecapabilitytosupportNATOandnation-alexercisesacrossadistributednetworkisamajorelementthatsupportsCFI.TheabilityandstrengthoftheJFTCinthefuturewillsupportCFIbyprovidingfullspectrumtrainingtoawidertrainingaudiencethussupportingNATOstransi-tionfromISAFtofullspectrumtrainingasdescribedabove.TheJFTCwillhavetheabilitytolinknationswiththecentreandeachothertoallowfasterplanningcyclesforsmalleryetmorenumeroustrainingevents.TheJFTCastheleadelementissup-portingthedevelopmentofphaseoneofthenewConnectingNATOandNationalTrainingandExerciseCapabilitiesBi-SCconcept.Thisconceptwillidentifyrequire-mentsgapsandproposesolutionstocon-nectNATOandnationaltrainingcapabili-tiestofacilitatejointcollectivetrainingexercisesandinteroperability.Themeth-odologythatisbeingusedwillgatherdatafromtheNATOCommandStructureNCStheNATOForceStructureNFSNATOCentresofExcellenceandtheNATOandnationaltrainingcentresandafterananalysisofthatdataprovideSACTwithadraftcon-ceptforfuturestudyandimplementation.Asaby-productofourpastinvolve-mentwithvariousAlliednationsthecentreisindiscussionwithselectnationstopos-siblyconductthefirstCFIrelatedtrain-ingeventin2015thatwillshowcasetheabilityofnationsandtheJFTCtocoop-erateandinteractwiththeuseofvari-oustechnologyplatforms.JFTCspastandcurrentinvolvementwiththeannualSACTCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExplorationExperimentationExaminationExerciseCWIXreinforcestheJFTCstechnicalcapabilitiesandprovidesdirectsupporttowardmeetinggoalsofCFI.TheCFIinitiativesinsupportofnationallinkagestoJFTCincludeourengagementwiththeSouthEastEuropeanExerciseandTrainingNetworkconsist-ingofnineNATOandPartnernations.AdditionallywehostedtheModellingandSimulationConferencewithTrainingandSimulationCentresfromPolandtheCzechRepublicandHungary.Itisforeseenthattheseinitiativeswillcontinuetobedevel-opedinsupportoftheCFIvisionoftheGatewayconceptafter2015andwillbeasubjectforcontinualdialogwiththenations.AdditionallytheJFTChasthecapa-bilitytoworkwiththevariousCentresofExcellenceCOEsprovidingtechnicalsup-porttothemandinturnreceivingSubjectMatterExpertSMEandExerciseControlsupportfromthem.ThisrelationshiphasbeenongoingandhasthepotentialundertheumbrellaofCFItobecomeincreasinglyeffectiveandmutuallybeneficial.ItisenvisionedthatJFTCwillbeabletocreatevaluablepartnershipswithNationalForceStructureswhichwillallowustomaintainourpositionasanintegralcontrib-utorintheAlliancesTrainingandExercisestructure.Thecentresresearchandtestingwithnewinnovativetechnologicalproductssuchascloud-basedplatformswillvastlyimproveourabilitytomeetthediscussedaimsoftheConnectedForcesInitiative.ThecentreincontinuedsupportoftheConnectedForcesInitiativewillexpanditsjointcollectivetrainingcapabilitiestoprovidebothNATOandHeadquartersoftheNationalForceStructuresanincreasedarrayoftrainingcapabilitiesincludingprocessesplatformssystemsanddistributedservicestomeettheobjectivesofprovidingNATOawell-trainedinteroperableforce.5TheJointForceTrainingCentreistransitioningfrombeingaproviderofcom-puterassistedexercisesCAXtoaflexiblefull-spectrumtrainingserviceproviderusingstateofthearttechnologiestomeetthetrain-ingneedsoftheNATOCommandandForceStructureandthenationsasweconductincreasedtrainingeventswithlessplanningtimemoreefficiently.InconclusiontheJointForceTrainingCenterispoisedonthebrinkofthefutureofNATO.ThecentreisfullyintegratedintoCFItoserveasabridgebetweentrainingexercisesandtechnologyandisworkingtooptimizetheuseofcoherentandintegratedtrainingsystemstoimprovetrainingandexercisesamongNATOnationsandpart-ners.Itisachallengingbutrewardingfuturethatwehaveinfrontofus.1NATOWebsite2Ibid3Ibid4SACTTransformerCFILTCP.Lueck5JFTCDHSLibrarySelectionofcontentfrompreviousCFIbriefsCMStibranyTSDJFTC TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201443On27thNovember2013theJointForceTrainingCentreJFTChostedrep-resentativesfromtheHungarianGeneralStaffCzechTrainingandSimulationCentresandPolishSimulationCentrestodiscussfuturetrainingandcooper-ationopportunities.WithintheNATOConnectedForcesInitiativeCFIenhancedcooperationandcommuni-cationwillbecriticaltodevelopingamorerobusttrainingprogramandprepareNATOandnationsforfutureoperations.TheconferencefocusedonthebetteruseoftechnologyandhowthenationsandNATOcanenhancetheircollaborationtoprovidemorerobustexercisesacrossthefullspectrumofconflictinamultina-tionalenvironment.TheonedayconferencehadtheobjectiveforconnectingeachofthenationsnotonlytotheJFTCbutalsotoeachotherandtoincreaseawarenessoftheongoingmissionswithineachnation.ToachievethatendtheconferencesmorningsessionprovidedanopportunityforeachnationandtheJFTCtointroducethemselvesandprovidedaframeworkfortheafter-noonssyndicatework.Thisexploratorysessionprovedveryusefulandprovidedthegroundworkforadditionalpursuitinareasofmutualinterest.IntheafternoonthereweretwosyndicateswiththefirstoneoutliningtheNATOexercisepreparationtimelinesandrequirements.ThesecondsyndicatefocusedonthetechnicaldetailsinconnectingthenationswitheachotherandalsotoNATOexercisesandtrainingevents.Theworkfrombothofthesesyndi-catesillustratedthatfuturecooperationandworkisrequiredtorealisemoreconnectedexercisesandtrainingopportunities.Bytheendofthedayalloftheconfer-enceparticipantsagreedthattheconferenceprovidedagreatvenuetocollaborateanddiscussthepracticalapplicationsofCFI.AstheJFTCDeputyCommanderBrigadierGeneralLszlSzabstatedThisconfer-enceisonlythebeginningforrealizationofCFIprinciples.AstheAlliancecontinuestomarchforwarditisimportantthatthehardlessonslearnedincurrentoperationsprovideasteppingstonetomoreconnectedandfullyinteroperableforcesthroughtheuseofmul-tinationalandNATOtrainingevents.ConnectingSimulationandTrainingCentresConferencewithintheConnectedForcesInitiativeLTCPeterLueckUSAJFTCTrainingSupportDivision 44TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014Themissionsetforthenewlycre-atedJointForceTrainingCentrewastosupporttrainingforNATOandPartnerforcestoimprovejointandcombinedtacti-calinteroperability.Regardingthisfunc-tiontheJFTCassistsAlliedCommandTransformationACTinpromotionofNATOdoctrinedevelopmentbycooperat-ingwithCentresofExcellenceCOEsinordertoimproveNATOscapabilitiesandinteroperability.Asfarasinfrastructureiscon-cernedtheJFTCwasdevelopedbasedonCapabilityPackageCP09B0401andsupportedwithInformationTechnologyonthebasisofCP150.Withinthisproj-ectthecentrewasprovidedwithseveralnewbuildingsandafewfullyrefurbishedonesaswell.Themainbuildingistheonewheretrainingeventsareheld.Therearealsoadditionalofficeandfacilitybuildingswhichhousethecommanddiningfacil-ityalliedclubandasmallfitnessroom.AllbuildingsofficesandfacilitieswerefurnishedandunderaseparateCapabilityPackageequippedwithITmeans.Atthedesignstageitwasastate-of-arttechnol-ogy.HoweverinthisrapidlyevolvingareaconstantupgradesarerequiredandimplementedtomeetdevelopingneedsofmodernComputerAssistedExercises.TheJFTChadbeeninitiallylocatedatDwernickiegoStreetinaPolishmilitarycompounduntiltheconstructionworksandITprojectswerefinished.DuringthistimetheJFTCstructurewasfilledtotheextentpossiblewithpersonnelandwasgettingreadytoreachFullOperationalCapabilityandhandlethemissionandallupcomingtasks.InSeptember2009theJFTCmovedfromitstemporarylocationtotheperma-nentlocationandimmediatelyafterset-tlingdowninthenewlocationexecutedalargeinternationaltraining.ItwasabigchallengebuttheJFTCsupportedbypersonneloftheSupportUnitandNCIASquadronachievedoutstandingresults.TakingintoaccountthefactthattheJFTCwasthefirstNATOHQonPolishsoilthereweremanychallengesanddifficul-tiestoovercome.Therewasatremendousorganizationaleffortneededtohandleallaspectsrelatedtocreatingsuchaninsti-tution.SignificanteffortwasdevotedtoarrangenumerouslegalaspectsofhostingforeignJFTCpersonnelandtheirfamiliesinPolandincludinghealthcareandeduca-tionforchildren.Financialissueswerealsoresolvedtogetherwithotheronessuchasgroundandinfrastructuremaintenance.ContinuouscooperationbetweentheJFTCandtheHostNationPolandhasalwaysbeenverygoodandfullydeservestobespecificallyunderlined.PolandastheHostNationhasalwaysdemonstratedgreathospitality.AmongothermanifestationsofextremelypositiveattitudetowardstheJFTCestablishingtheJFTCSupportUnitdeservesparticularattention.ThisPolishmilitaryunitisdedicatedentirelytosupporttheJFTCandthegrowingNATOgarrisoninBydgoszcz.TheJFTCSUisthemainpointofcontactforanyJFTCissuesthatrequiresupportwhichcanbeprovidedbytheHostNation.ApartfromthatPolishauthoritiesbothmilitaryandcivilianatlocalandgovernmentallevelonnumerousoccasionsprovedtheirwillingnesstosup-port.WhiletheJFTCwasoriginallyestab-lishedwithaPeacetimeEstablishmentPEof84postsduringthestructuralreviewin2005-2006and2009itwasagreedtoincreasethePEtoitscurrentstatusof105posts.ThisisworthmentioningasanachievementandrecognitionoftheJFTCimportanceasthisHQwasabletoincreaseitspersonnelstrengthgoingagainstthegeneralflowofshrinkingthestructuresimposedonotherNATOmilitarybodiesduetotheoveralldecreaseofthePeacetimeEstablishmentceilingagreedbytheNATONations.DespitethisachievementtheJFTCPEhasneverreachedthelevelthatwouldbefullyadequatetomeetalltherequirementsandfulfillconstantlygrowingamountoftasksandresponsibilities.ForthisreasontheJFTCissupportedbylocalcontractorsandadditionallybySubjectMatterExpertscontractedtosupportspecificexercisespre-paredandexecutedbytheJFTC.ASuccessfulDecadeofHQSupportDevelopmentTheJFTCHeadquartersSupportDivisionTeamofAuthors TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201445FinancialinvolvementofNATOcom-monfundsintheJFTCstartedin2004withalimiteddelegationof400000PLNlabeledastheJFTCOperatingFund.Itwasmeantasaninterimfinancingsolu-tioncomplementarytotheeffortoftheJFTCImplementationTeamestablishedandfinancedbytheHostNationPoland.ThefirstrealOMbudgetsassignedtotheJFTCwererelativelylimitedtoo11MPLNin2004and34MPLNin2005.Howeveroverthenextyearsalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofthecentreandconstantlyincreasingscaleofactivitiesthefundinglevelgrewupsignificantly.ApartfromtheregularOMbudgettheJFTCstartedtobeassignedandadministerthebudgetsspecificallydedicatedtothetrainingeventsrunorsupportedbythecentre.TheshareoftrainingbudgetsintotalfundingmadeavailabletotheJFTCreachedthelevelof40in2013andincludesbothcommonfundedbudgetsandfundednationally.BudgetpreparationandexecutionisacomplexprocessoverseenfacilitatedandadministeredbytheJFTCBudgetandFinanceBranchBUDFIN.Backin2004theentiretyoftheJFTCfinan-cialactivitieswasinitiallyexecutedbytheJFTCImplementationTeam.Laterin2004whentheJFTCbecameaselfsustainingentitythosedutiesweretakenoverbytheJFTCBudgetandFinanceSection.InitiallytheSectionwasfilledbyasingleemployeeprovidedbytheHostNationVNCstatus.Thispersonorganizedthesectionandperformedallthedutiessinglehandedlyforthefirstcoupleofmonths.Itwasnotuntilthesecondhalfof2005thattheNationsbegantofillinthepostsinBUDFIN.TheSectionHeadNATOCivilianA-3wasrecruitedandtookovertheleadon1August2005.TheStaffOfficerFiscalandTreasurypostNATOCivilianA-2wasfilledinon1December2005.SincethoseearlydaysthestructureoftheJFTCBUDFINsectionhasgonethroughsever-almodificationsduringtheorganizationalstructurereviews.AlongthatprocessamilitarypositionoftheFiscalAssistantwasdeletedandtheContractingOfficerpositionwascreatedandfilledinon1August2010.UltimatelytheBUDFINteamevolvedtothenumberof83NICsAgrade2militaryNCOsand3contrac-torsandbecameaBranch.CurrentlytheBUDFINstaffisagoodcombina-tionofwellqualifiedmilitaryandcivil-ianprofessionalsrepresentingPolandFranceandtheUSA.TwoJFTCBUDFINmembersarealumnioftheprestigiousNATOExecutiveDevelopmentProgramNEDP.Allthememberswentthroughvariousspecializedprofessionalcoursesi.eIPSASCNAFSetcThedutiesandactivitiesper-formedbytheBUDFINBranchhavegrownsubstantiallysincetheearlyyearsofJFTCexistence.NotonlydidBUDFINhavetoaccommodatethecon-stantlyincreasingvolumeofbusinessbutalsonumerousnewtasks.Effectivefrom2006BUDFINstartedtoadmin-isterVATandexcisedutytoclaimandprocessthereimbursementofthosefromtheHostNationbasedontheentitle-mentsgiventoNATO.In2009BUDFINandtheentireJFTCwasequippedwithanewCentralizedNATOFinancialSystemCNAFSwhichforcedthemodelofdailyworkprocessesandprocedurestochangecompletely.IntheaccountancyandfinancialreportingareaBUDFINhasimplementedtheInternationalPublicSectorAccountancyStandardsIPSAS.TheJFTCBUDFINBranchhasgonethroughalotofdevelopmentoverthelast10yearsandhasbecomeaveryefficientandwellqualifiedorganizationalcellabletohandlecomplexJFTCbusinessfromthefinancialperspective.AsaNATOorganizationtheJFTCperformsitsmissioninaccordancewithdirectionsreceivedfromitsHeadquartersAlliedCommandTransformation.ThefutureofthiscentrewilldependonNATOdecisionsdrivenbymilitaryandpoliticalcircumstances.TheJFTCwithitshighlyqualifiedpersonnelandmod-erninfrastructurecapabilitiesisreadytoassumefuturechallenges. 46TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014IntroductionThreecounter-terrorismpolicieshavebeenselectedtoshowhowthirteenyearsofasym-metricaldecentralizedwarfarehavenotonlyaffectedtheintegrityofageoldalliancesandthedtentebetweenEastandWestbutthroughthepoliticizationofterrorismbeyondtheparametersoftherealityonthegroundunderminedNATOsabilitytofightaconven-tionalmulti-linear3rdgenerationwarhowterrorismhasnotonlydistortedthegeopoliticsofthe21stCenturybutshapedit.Thepoliciesareexploredtohighlighttheblurringoflinesthathastakenplacebetweenreal-warandreal--politikreal-combatantandnon-combatantanddemonstratethatthenetworksandcoalitionsthatsupersededHuntingtonscivilizationswerewrongthattheyunder-estimatedtheshelf-lifeof20thCenturyideologiesandfailedtoseethattheycannotbechangedordiscardedwithoutthepriordestructionofnation-statesinfullscale3rdgenerationwarfare.ThisissueofTransformationThroughTrainingsetsthescenebyprobingthecostofsuchpoliciestothewestandwhatchallengingthestatusquocouldentail.Thedynamicsastowhysuchcounter-terrorismpolicieshavedestabilizedtheworldobsoletedtheAtlanticAllianceandenabledAlQaedatomilitarizeitsforcesinSyriaaredealtwithintheAutumnissue.Thethreepoliciesdiscussedare1LearningtolivewithTerrorism2CriticalInfrastructureProtectionand3Counter-Piracy1Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflearningtolivewithterrorismarediscussedinanhistoricalcontextandwithanemphasisonliteraturethathascriticallyengagedthedebate.Thediscussionfollowstheargumentthatwhileithasbeenaworthwhilepolicyforcounteringnationalist-separatistgroupsonoccasionithasprovennothingbutdisastrousincombatingtrans-nationalterrorism.Themainreasonforthisisthatinspiteofahistoricitynotunlikethatoftrans-nationalgroupsthecyclicalnatureoftherelationshipthatexistsbetweennational-liberationmovementsandmoderndemocraticstatesisfundamentallydifferentunliketrans-nationalgroupsitisancientarguablypatrioticgeographicallyanddemographicallydependentandmoreimportantlyembroideredintothefabricofasharedculture.Itisarguedthattocontainthemonsterofterrorismthatlivesbetweenthefoundationsofastateanditsinsur-gentcitizenryagovernmentshouldconsideralearninghowtolivewithitorbdestroy-ingitasymmetrically.Forthatothermonsterthemonsterwhichlivesbeyondthestateitisarguedthatneitherpolicyispossible.Themainpremiseforthisisthatasthenational-separat-istshaveatraceablelineagethatisinseparablefromthatofthegovernmentstheyopposetheycontinuetoremainessentiallycivilian.ManygroupsliketodaysAlQaedahoweverhaveabloodlineandanideologythatissoakednotinpoliticsorinsurrectionbutcombat.Asaresultofasharedexperienceandasharedideol-ogythatstemsfromthebattlefieldsofBosniaChechnyaAfghanistanIraqtheGreatWarofAfricaandSyriatheyhavearguablytran-sitionedfromcivilian-terroriststostateless-soldiersandarebeyondthediplomaticnormsofastateacoalitionoranalliance.2Thesecondsectionofthisessayquestionsthecostofcriticalinfrastructurepro-tection.Asinstallationsandnetworkscriticaltonation-stateshavebeenreinforcedovertheyearsandprotectedagainstpotentialattacksterroristshavehadtoprojecttheircapabilitiesandsearchfurtherafieldforsoftertargetsdifferenttypesofpeopletokillandopenorlightlyguardedinfrastructuretodisruptanddestroy.Ironicallythishasledtoaheavycostanexpansionofconflictthathashelpedglobal-izethethreatofterrorismandwiththeadventofdrone-strikesandremotewaraquestionablestretchinthealreadybroadeningdefinitionastowhatconstitutesalegitimatetarget.Twoconsequencesofthisfundamentalshiftinwar-farehavebeenanincreaseinsuicideattacksonhard-targetsatthenearenemyandanincreasedpara-militarizationofterroristgroupsinconflictzonesandfailedstatesanunex-pectedmultiplebirthinaspeciesofwarfare.Athirdconsequencehasbeenthatthisphe-nomenonhasnotonlydistortedthedefinitionsofahard-targetandasoft-targetbutblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthetwo.ByhelpingtoglobalizeterrorismcriticalinfrastructureprotectionhasnotonlypushedNATObeyonditsgeographicallimitsbutitsoperationalandmilitarycapabilities.MoreoverbybreedingaCounter-TerrorismPoliciestheCosttotheWestLivingwithTerrorismCriticalInfrastructureProtectionCounter-PiracyandtheEndofAtlanticismChristopherMcKeatingGBRMilitaryAdvisorFutureForcesExhibitionConference2014 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201447speciesofwarfareithashelpedentrenchthedifferingpositionsbetweenhithertosolidallies3Section3considerstheconnectionsbetweenterrorismandpiracytheabsenceofanylargescalemaritimeattackpost911andindicationsthatcontemporaryexpectationswerelargelybasedonvulnerabilityassess-mentsasopposedtothreatassessments.Theessayasksnotsomuchwhysofewattackshaveoccurredbutwhetherornotthethreathasdiminished.ThereasonforthisisthatasnocredibleevidenceofaconvergencebetweenpiracyandterrorismhasyettoemergehowfartheexperienceofcounteringitwillbeofvalueuponanyresurgenceinAlQaedasoranyotherforcesmaritimeambitionsneedstobeques-tioned.LivingwithTerrorismInhissevenpolicyrecommendationsEnglishcharacterizeslearningtolivewithterrorismasbeingvitaltonotonlycounteringitbutengag-ingit-bykeepingthethreatinperspectiveandanypolicyresponsetoitinproportiontothatthreatviolentpoliticscanbetemperedandbroughtintothemainstream.Richardson2006concurswithsuchpoliciesthatleadtocontainmentandgoesasfarasimplyingthathadrecentpolicybeeninformedbylong-termresearchersinthefielditwouldneverhavehadasanobjectivethecompletelyunattainablegoalofobliteratingterrorism.Bothhenceseeterrorismasanintrinsicpartofthesocietiesinwhichtheyliveandwhenmanifestaphenomenonthatcanbeeffectivelymanagedandpro-activelycounteredifsocietylearnstolivewithit.Wherethisessaydisagreeswiththemhoweveriswhenfacingtrans-nationalgroupslikeAlQaedawhichwhengivenspaceinthepasthaveeitherregroupedelsewhereorsimplypara-militarized-EnglishsuseofIreland2009asanhistoricalprecedentforliberaldemocraciestotakecom-fortisadvisemanycountrieswouldbeunwisetotest.OntopofthiswiththeIRAitcouldequallybearguedthatitwasactuallytheBalticExchangeandCorporationStreetBombingsof1996thatthroughsurpassingthesustainablelevelofviolencebroughtconcessionsfromthegovernment-notapolicyofcontainment.Moreoverwiththeimplementationofnewstateandnon-stateterroristtacticsandtargetssuchasdronesrenditionsuicidebombingsmass-casualtyandfidayeenattackslivingwithterrorismmightproveifnotintolerableattheveryleastpremature.ForexamplenotonlydidthefidayeenattacksinMumbaisuc-ceedinraisingthestakesbetweentwonuclearpowersandcausingbillionsofdollarsineco-nomicdamagetheyshowedtherisksinfailingtopre-emptattacksfrombeyondthebordersofastate.Afurtherrisktolearningtolivewithterrorismisthatitisafinebalancebetweenactionaninactionthatifmisjudgedcanbreathelifeintohithertoredundantyetcredibleandlegitimatecauses.Learningtolivewithterror-ismrisksnotjustasocietyslevelsoftolerancebutthelegitimizationofsocialmythstradi-tionsandhabitsthatpermitthedevelopmentofterrorismasanestablishedpoliticalcustomCrenshaw1981.TheIRAofthe1970sareanexampleofthisphenomenon.TheyhadlittleincommonwiththeIRAofthe1950sorthe1920sanddespiteclaimingcredibilityandlegitimacyfromalineagestretchingbacktothelastcen-turywereforemostlyanurbanguerrillagroupwithlittleheritagebeyondthatoftheperipheralantipathythatsurroundedthecivilrightsmarch-esofthe1960s.LearningtolivewithterrorismisalsoapolicywithoutanendaswitheachmanifestationoftheIRAbeinginessenceadif-ferentterroristorganizationoveritshistorythethreatpersistswitheachgeneration.InactionisnotthereforeanoptionVeness2001.Andthisistheconundrum.TosaythatthepolicywasafailureinthatitenabledtheIRAtobombtheirwaytothenegotiatingtableortheBritishgovernmenttoitistoinappre-ciativelynegatewhathasbeenachievedandwhatwasatstake.TosaythatitwasasuccessistonegatethepossibilitythatthepolicyofcontainmentwasactuallylittleotherthanalonglineoffailuresbeitAcceptationSeparationIncarcerationCriminalizationUlsterizationorjusttheimpossibilityofdealingwithterrorists.Attheendofthedayinthattheconflicttookmorethan30yearstocomeclosetoaresolu-tioncostbillionsofpoundsanddestroyedthelivesoftensofthousandsofpeopleitwouldbehardnottoarguethatcontainmentwasafailure.Abomboutragetohaveanyinfluenceonpublicopinionmustgobeyondtheintentionofvengeanceorterrorism.Itmustbepurelydestructive.JosephConrad1907AndwithAlQaedathisiswhatmanystatesfromPakistanandSyriatotheUnitedStatesandGreatBritainarefacing.Henceformanymanifestationsofterrorismthequestionattheendofthedayessentiallycomesdowntowhetherornotlearningtolivewithitentailshigherrisksthanattemptstoobliter-ateitthroughpre-emptivecalibratedandproportionateresponsesthataredesignedtorestoreandmaintaintheprimacyofastatesmonopolyofviolenceorinternationallawandorder.AlthoughEnglishrulesoutlearn-ingtolivewithOsamaBinLaden2009andwaswritingbeforetheArabSpring2010whathashappenedsinceputshiscompari-sonsbetweenIrishterrorismandIslamicterrorismintoquestion.WhilstlearningtolivewithterrorismtodaymightindeedbeapoliticalrealityforIrishterrorismcontain-ingIslamicterrorismwhilststrivingtorootoutitscausesislikelytoprovelogisticallymorecomplicatedthantheWaronTerrorhelambasts.IronicallyhistorydemonstratesthisverypointinthatmanyterroristgroupsatleastsincethefalloftheBerlinWallhavetheirrootsinissuesthatsimplycannolongerbeaddressedthedemiseoftheOttomanEmpirecannotbereversedthe70yearsofrepressivedictatorialregimesthatgaverisetotheArabSpringcannotbeundonenorcantheriseinnationalistandideologicalviolencethathassurfacedasaresultoftheSovietUnionsReformation.IndeedthatthereligiousrhetoricofAlQaedaisinfluencedmorebythepoliticsofhistoricalissuesthanthestrategicobjectivesoftheirideologyspeaksvolumes.Therootcausesofterrorismacrossmuchoftheworldarebydefaultsimplybeyondaddressing-theworldhasmovedon.ThebenefitsoflearningtolivewiththeIRAandthedownsidesinoverwhelminglyfailingtoaddressitslastmanifestationshowthatagainstnational-separatistgroupsEnglishsrecommendationsofcontainmentandcompro-misedohoweverhavevalue.WhethertheseareuniquetotheIRAorthehistoricalcontextinwhichtheywereappliedisopentoquestion.Thattheycouldbeappliedinternationallyor 48TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014wholesaleisadifferentmatteranditisnotjustaquestionastowhetherornottheywouldwork.Thereasonforthisisthatastatesprima-ryroleistodefenditscitizenryandirrespectiveofthepolicyvaluethepoliticalandeconomiccostisparamountEnglishsrecommendationswouldbringlittlecomforttovictimsorapopulaceunderthreatnorprovecosteffectiveintermsoferadicatingit.Pre-emptivestrikeskill-capturemissionsandpremeditatedactsoflethalforceagainsttargetsacrossconsentingornon-consentingstatesenablecountriesasurgi-caloptionthatistodayarguablymoreeffectiveandmoreefficientincontainingandmanagingterrorism.CriticalInfrastructureProtectionthemotivesareknownthemethodscanusuallybeestimatedandtheopportunitiesarefairlyplentiful.Whatonehastodetermineiswhoorwhatislikelytobethevictim.Drake1998TodeterminewhatDrakeposesisnotpossible.Itisnotpossibletoascertaineitherbyresearchorcalculationexactlywhattargetaterroristhaschosentoattackandwhy.Whatispossibleistoassessthecriticalityofapotentialtargetestablishitsvulnerabilitiesandimple-mentdecisionsbasedonidentifiedlevelsofthreat.Actionscanthenbetakentolessenthevulnerabilitiesthroughremediationandmitiga-tion.Furthermoregiventhatmodelsofproba-bilisticriskanalysishavebeenusedfordecadesforinformingriskmanagementdecisionsbygovernmentsforexampleonsafetyissuesortheenvironmentveryrarelydothemotivesmethodsandopportunitiesplayarole.SayingthishoweverDrakehasavalidpointTryingtofindoutwhyterroristsdowhattheydoisabitliketryingtosolveagoodfictionalmurderinthatoneisdealingwiththeelementsofmotivemethodandopportunity.Thereasonforthisisthatterroristsaresentientbeingsandhaveadifferentoperatingbasistosystemsorstorms.Terroristscannotjustimproviseovercomeandadapttocounter-terrorismmeasurestheycanexploitthemandthisiskeytounderstandingwhygiventheplethoraofsoft-targetstheymightopttoattackacomparativelyhardone.Thetermhard-targetisoftenusedbystateandnon-stateentitiestodifferentiatebetweentargetsthathavebeenreinforcedandthosethathavenot.Initsbroadestsenseahard-targetcouldhencelooselybedefinedasatargetinwhichthephysicalenvironmentinfrastructureandorhumancapitalhasbeenprotectedpreparedtomitigatetheconsequencesofanarmedorcyberattackanditisinthissensethatHoffmanusedittodescribeNewYorkCity.Thereasonforthisisthattheidentifica-tionandhardeningofatargetisoftenbasedonanassessmentofriskthatistemporalandintel-ligencethatisoftendependentonthefluidityofagiventhreatandthecontextandtimeofatar-getsclassification.Inshorttheworldislitteredwithhard-targetsthatareeitherredundantorironicallysoftandtheCityofLondonsRingofSteelisarguablysuchanexample.Designed25yearsagotodeterIRAcar-bombsitisnomoreattractivetodaythanacrowdedstadiumforgroupsthatposeatypeandlevelofthreatconsistentwithforexampletheBalibombersof2002.Foramoredetailedunderstandingastowhatconstitutesahard-targetitisthereforenecessarytogobeyondthesemanticsandfocusnotonthetargetsassuchbutonthepercep-tionsofwhatmakesthetargetsactuallyworthattackingordefendingfromtheweaponrylikelytobeemployedbytheattackerstothepotentiallossofthetargettothosedependentonit.Overthelasttwentyyearstheperceivedvalueofsuchtargetshasbeencalculatedintermsofidentifyingtheirpotentiallossagainstthecostofdefendingattackingthem.Thevulnerabilitiesofinfrastructureandthecriti-calityofstateandcapitalassetsarehenceoffundamentalimportancewhendiscussingwhyterroristsmightchoosetoattackhard-targets.Understandingwhyterroristsriskattackinghard-targetssuchasDowningStreetisofcoursealsokeytodefendingthem.Onefeatureforexampleofpastattacksonhard-targetshasbeenthattheyhavedra-maticallychangedthedynamicsofpoliticalviolenceandapproachestocounter-terrorism.Thelongwarsofyesterdayanddecadesofcontainingsustainablelevelsofpoliticalvio-lenceorevenproxywarsinwhichsectariantit-for-tatkillingsdictatedthefieldaretodaylargelyredundantthatthedisruptionofcon-centratedinfrastructurecouldhavegreatlydis-proportionateeffectswithcostspotentiallyrun-ningintobillionsofdollarsandspreadingfarbeyondtheimmediateareaofdisturbancehasbecomethegame-changerParfomak2008.Inthisrespect21stcenturyterrorismhasmeta-morphosedintosomethinghithertounseen.Withitspotentialtodrainastatesuchattemptsathard-targetterrorismhaveopenedupanewdimensioninthefront-lineofthewaronter-rorism.Bethetargetshardenedinthefieldorlayeredovertimetheirconcentrationfunction-alityandinterdependencyoneachotherhavebecomesocriticaltothefunctioningofastatethatasZimmermannsaysInfrastructureinterdependenciesarenowrecognizedasbothopportunitiesaswellaspointsofvulnerability2004.Appreciatingthatsuchopportunitieshaveactuallybeenarelativelyrecentintroduc-tiontotheequationScottStewart2012isfundamentaltounderstandingthatwhathasbeentermedaparadigmshiftinhowtargetsaretodayselectedandexploitedfortheirweak-nessesbyterroristshastakenplace.Notonlyhasthehardeningofcriticalinfrastructurelegit-imizedtargetspara-militarizedterroristcohortsandbroughtcredencetoterroristcausesithasaddedtothepoliticalargumentthatideasspringhigherfromdeedsofpropagandaandthatterrorismforthepurposesofterrorismhasbeenaworthwhiletactic.Tocompoundthiswithsometerroristsgroupsnowlookingelse-whereforsoftertargetsithasfundamentallychangedthenatureofattacksonsuchtargetsandwhattheyconstitutebetheyapocalypticterroristsornotearlierconcernsofalienatingconstituentsupportarenowdatedconceptsformanygroups.Indeedasaconsequenceofthefanaticismthatdefinesmodernterrorismhardeningtargetscouldineffectbearguedtohaveactuallyhelpedglobalizeterrorismandthatmasscasualtyattacksonsoft-targetshavebecomelessanomalousasaresult.AsLaqueur2004pointsoutentiresocietieshavesincebecomelegitimatetargetsandthemurderofnon-combatantsifnotrandomhasattheveryleastbecomeindiscriminateindeedthestrategyhasbecomebymanytosimplykillasmanymembersoftheenemygroupaspos-sible.Thetragedyhereparticularlyinnation-stateswherethecriticalityoftheirinfrastructureispredominantlyhumancapitalisthatmany TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201449countrieshavebecomenotjustsoft-targetsofterrorismbutsoft-sourcesofterrorism.Soifahard-targetisazonedeemedtobeofsuchvaluethatitisworththeprovocationandincreasedhumanandfinancialcostofpro-tectingbythestateorworthattackingbyterror-istsfortheabovereasonswhatisasoft-targetDoesitbydefaultentailoneoflessvaluebythestateandoflessrisktotheterroristTheanswerisnotreally.Forexampleasoft-targetchoicecouldbeaguedtobelittleotherthananapproachbasedonideologicalgroundsoropera-tionalparametersforterroristswhohavelittleinterestinhowtheenemyclassifiestheiractions.Forthestateasoft-targetcouldequallybedefinedasanattackwithundeterminedcon-sequencesoranythingthatinvolvesthedeathofinnocentsorthedestructionofsomethingofcriticalsymbolicvalue.Furthermorewhatisdeterminedtobeasoft-targetbythestatecouldbeperceivedahard-targetbyterror-istsitisoftenaquestionofperception.Andhereisonekeyidentifier.Ifthepotentialityofcollateraldamagetoahard-targetisnegatedfromtheargumentsoft-targetsepitomizethelegitimacyoftargetselectionforbothstateandterrorist.Soft-targetchoicesmarkoutthemoralstancesofapeopleorastateandhelpdefinetheprimarydifferencesbetweenWarTerrorismRevolutionInsurrectionInsurgencyandJihad.AlthoughthemasskillingofcivilianscanhaveapositiveaffectonpoliticalchangeforterroristsMadridBombings2004inotherinstancessuchattacksoncivilianshaveactuallyhardenedresolveBasqueBombings1997.Itisalsoimportanttonoteherethatattacksonsoft-targetscanbemoreeasilysustainedbysomestatesandactivelyorinactivelymanagedbyothers.Inshortwhilesoft-targetscontaintheriskthattheattackwhilstnotthwartedcanbenegatedandinasurprisinglyshortperiodoftimehard-targetsarelesslikelytodoso.Thegreatestadvantageofasoft-targethoweveristhatitcanbeattackedwithfewresourcesandlittletraining.WithAlQaedabrokenintoamyriadofcomponentpartsthatareunabletointer-operateeffectivelyandwhoareinanycaseideologicallyinclinedtowardsmass-casualtyterrorismtheadvantagesareobvious.ThattheyareequallyabundantandmorelikelytoenabletheterroristtoprojecthiscapabilitiesbeyondthoseofhisenemyslogisticsmakethempreferablepropositionstoTalibanstyledraidsonheavilyfortifiedposi-tions.ExperienceisalsokeyhereandthattheopportunitiestobeadaptivearefarmoretangibleitisnotagiantleapoftheimaginationtogravitatefrommortaringairportfieldstosinkingpassengerlinersliketheQueenMaryinthemiddleoftheNorthAtlantic.Althoughtherearetoomanyvariablestoaccuratelydeterminewhyonetargetmightbechosenoveranotherthisisnottosaythattheundertakingprioritizationandimplemen-tationofaprocessofcriticalityassessmentisredundantthedefenseofthestateisagov-ernmentsprimarytaskanddeterminersfromtheterroristsperspectiveinvariablyinvolve1.theeducationofthecivilianpopulaceitsdemographicsanditsglobalprojection2.thetargetcountrysmedianetworktheconditionofitsemergencyresponseservicesandhistoryofterrorismattacks3.theweaponstobeusedandthementowieldthem4.tacticstoexploitanytargetsofopportunitycollateraldamageandescape5.thelongandshorttermobjectivesofthecampaignbeingwaged.Themainproblemwithdeterminingrisksofterrorismandimplementingpoliciestoassessandeliminatevulnerabilitieshoweveristhatthedegreeofcriticalityisqualitativeandthethreatchangespendingthenatureofthearmedconflictemployed.Inshortthethreatchangesasthetargetingandtacticsevolvetoovercomethedefensesemployed.Astoodoesthecriticalityofthetargetinquestion.Furthermoreduetothelackofintelligenceonterroristthreatsandtheconsequencesofaterroristattackoncriticalinfrastructurethereisaseriousriskofnotonlyover-protectingapotentialtargetbutover-protectingthewrongoneorthewrongsystem.Attheendofthedayitisimpossibletoprotecteverybridgedampower-stationandrailwayhubetc.inacountryandhencedeterminingthecriticalityofapotentialtargetanditsvulnerabilitiesisvitalwhenassessingthethreatofterrorism.Butitisnotjustamatterofcategorizingtargetsthatenablesustogambleonwhetherornottheywillbeselected.Thetargetsarejusttoodifferentfromoneanotherandindiscrimi-nateenoughtocreateaunicitythatputsthembeyondboxing.DeterminingwhyatargetwasselectedmightbebetterdonebyfollowingDrakesadviceandlookingatnottheattractionofthetargetbutthecommonthreadofnor-malcythatrunsthroughallterroriststhemanbehindthemask.Counter-PiracyFurtherattacksatseabyterroristsafter911werewidelyexpectedtheLTTEstyleassaultontheUSSColethepreviousyearthestatedaimsofAlQaedaandtheperceivedvul-nerabilityandattractivenessoftankerscruise-linersandmaritimeinfrastructuretoterroristsasespousedbymediaandacademiaatthetimeallcontributedtothislineofthought.Toidentifywithwhytheargumentwassoconvincingandtoputthefearofterroristsengaginginpiracyintoperspectivetheexpectationsneedtobeanalyzedinthecontextoftheirtime.AlQaedahadnotonlysetabenchmarkwiththeirattacksonNewYorkforexpectationsofterrorismbutbroughtaboutanelectoratethatfrequentlyassessedthevulnerabilityoftheUnitedStatesfromavictimsperspectiveandanadminis-trationthatlegislatedaccordingly.Giventhattherehasbeennospectacularmaritimeattackinrecenthistoryhowevertheanswertotheques-tionwouldappeartobethattheexpectationswereeitherbasedonhypeorindeedwarrantedandthesubsequentcounter-terrorismpoliciesasuccess.Butthiswouldbeananalysisthatcouldbearguedtohavedilutedanyexistinginsightorforesightastothetrueambitionsorcapabilitiesofterroristsacrossthemaritimeenvironmentanddistortedhowfarpiracyandterrorismhavemetamorphosed.Theanswerastowhytherehavebeensofewterroristattacksontheseaspost911isperhapsbestexemplifiedbyanexplosionthattookplaceonthe12thOctober2000at1118inthePortofAdenanattackthatfollowedthe1998bombingsoftheembassiesinKenyaandTanzaniaandthatpavedthewayfortheattacksonNewYorkjustayearlater.ThereasonforthisisthattheattackontheUSSColewhichleft17USsailorsdeadanddamageinexcessofaquarterofabilliondollarswasnotthehall-markofasustainedcampaignandlikemostAlQaedaattacksneverintendedtobethefirstofmanyindeeditwasasmuchasignatureofAlQaedasambitionstoprojectanavalforceas 50TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014911wasofanylong-termplansordevelopedcapabilitytohijackairplanesandflythemintoiconicwesternbuildings.SincetheattacksofSeptember112001secu-rityexpertshavefrequentlyinvokeda200-year-oldmodeltoguideleaderscontendingwiththethreatofIslamistterrorismthewaronpiracy.LuftKorin2004Astheaboveauthorspointouthoweverthepopularperceptionthattheinternationalcom-munityhaseliminatedseapiracyisfarfromtrue.MoreovergiventheroutofAlQaedasassetsinAfghanistanthesubsequenttargetingofkeyterroristsandtheasymmetricalnatureofterrorismwhyexpectationsofamaritimetheatrewithAlQaedacontinuedbecomesananomaly.Whilsteasytoputtheambiguouspositionsonmaritimeterrorismafter911downtohypeandtheanomaliesoftheWaronTerrorthisdoesnothoweverdojusticetothegenuinefearthatwasexperiencedatthetimefrommaritimeterrorism.Thereasonforthisisthattherewasanequallygoodcasetothinkitwasanythingbutpoliticalhypeinthewakeof911.AsMichaelRichardson2004pointsouttheweaponryusedintheUSembassyattacksin1998hadbeendeliveredbyfreightertheattackontheUSSColehadbeenprecededbyanattempttodestroytheUSSSullivansin2002theLTTEsSeaTigerswereabletoengagethebluewaterfleetoftheSriLankanNavyatwill.IfnotanasymmetricalblueprintthatmatchedtheemergingneedsofAlQaedasroutedforc-estheyhadattheveryleastsetaprecedent.HowevertotranslatethisasaroadmapforAlQaedasaffiliatesisaquantumleapoffaith.TheylackednotjusttheexperienceoftheLTTEbuttheconfigurationofapara-militaryforceatthattime.Furthermorewithregardstopiracythethreatposedbyengagingwithpiratesisquitedistinctfromthatofengag-inginpiracy.Theirleadershipwasalsoindisarraytheirbaseshadbeendestroyedtheirarmssuppliesdisruptedandtheirtrainingwaspredominantlyurban.Stateforceshadhithardandleftlittleroomforthemtore-groupre-positionre-armorre-train.OntopofthisthefranchisingofAlQaedahadeffectivelyturneditfromaninternationalterroristorganizationwithambitionstoattackthefarenemyintoamyriadofsub-groupswithnationalistagendaslittleexperienceofthewestandwithdifferentmoreviablemorelocalizedtargetsinmind.Despitethecontradictionsitwasgener-allyacceptedthattradehadbecomeincreas-inglysusceptibletotheover-spillofconflictfromfailingnationstatesandremainsatriskfromorganizationssuchasHezbollahthattranscendnationalborders.Assuchthecon-tinuingandinmanycasesunavoidablevul-nerabilitiesoftheglobalmaritimetransportsystemcouldmagnifytheconsequencesofanyattackswitheffectsthroughoutthesystemasawholeMurphy2008andhenceasustainedglobalresponsetobothterrorismandpiracyremainsessential.Onceagaintheemphasisissquarelybalancedhoweveronwhatisvulner-ableasopposedtowhatisatthreat.Toavoidthedoomsdayscenariosofyesterdaywhatisneededtomakethisplausibleisacontinuumofcounterterrorismmeasuresthatmatchesthecontinuumofthirdworldandfirstworldeconomieswithoutitthemaritimeterrorismthatwasexpectedinthewakeof911willcontinuetoconstituteanunknownthreatandcostbillionsofdollarsincountering.ThecrimehereisthatagreatnumberofthesescenarioshaveremainedunchallengedandthishasledtoamisunderstandingofthethreatposedbymaritimeterrorismRaymond2005.Lessonslearnedsince911demonstratethatwhilstcounter-terrorismmeasuresandpoliticalcounterweightsatseaandonlandcanforceterroristsfromtheirnauticalandaeronau-ticalambitionschangesintacticsapplicationsoftechnologysuchasdronesandpoliticscanonlygosofar.Terrorismwhilstlargelycurtailedinthewestasaresultofmilitaryinterventioncannotandhasnotbeenmilitarilydefeated.AndAlQaedaisaclassicexampleofthisexperience.FromAfghanistantothefallofMubarakalthoughforcedtowageadifferentwartotheonetheyhadinitiallysetouttofightandtechnologicallyandmilitarilyforcedoutoftherealmsinwhichtheyhadinvestedsoheav-ilyithasironicallyfounditselfbackwhereitstartedandwasatitsbest-asapara-militarizedforcefightingwithemergingopportunitiesinaproxywarbetweenregionalsuper-powers.TodaytheglobalthreatliesinitsabilitytoprojectitsforcesinMumbai-likeraidsbutitspowerliesinitsthreattoregionalstabilityandproximitytostateandstate-likeforces.Giventheabovehowfartheexperi-enceofcounteringpiracywillbeofvalueuponanyresurgenceinmaritimeterrorismisbasedlargelyonhowtheyareperceivedtodayandtogroupthemtogether-beitforconvenienceoracademicargumentsthatanexusexistsbetweenthem-couldproveverydangerous.Notonlymightlightlyarmedcontractorssud-denlyfindthemselvesfacingheavilyarmeddronesormissilesapproachingthespeedofsoundbutacourtoflawfortheiremployersandtheimpoundingoftheirshipandcargo.Neverthelessdespitethefactthatthereisnocredibleevidencetosuggestanythingmorethanpastactsofcollusiontheargumentspersist.WhilsttherearemanyreasonsforthistwoareoffundamentalimportancetheyaretheriseoftheprivatemilitaryindustrywhichhassincetheendofthewarinIraqmonopolizedthesecurityindustryformaritimecompaniesandtheneedforaninternationalframeworkthatrecognizesinlawthethreatthatterrorismposestonation-states-aninternationaldefini-tionofterrorismalongthelinesofthatwhichexistsforpirates.Indeedequatingmaritimeterrorismanddoomsdayscenarioswithpiracyafter911couldwellbearguedtohavebeenmoreofanattempttouniversallyproscribeter-rorismasopposedtoanygenuinefearofattack.ConclusionInshortbyprobingjustthreecounter-terrorismpoliciesitcanbeseenthatthewaronterrorhashadfarreachingimplicationsforthefuturethewaronterrorhassetaprecedentforpre-emptiveandremotestrikesthewaronterrorhasenabledterrorismtopara-militarizeintoatrans-nationalforceandultimatelyithasmetamorphosedNATOintosomethingforwhichitwasnotdesigned.Indoingsothewesthasnotjustabandoneditshistoricalrootsitsideologicalinheritanceandthespiritof1949ithasabandoneditstanks.Althoughitwouldbeprematureandextremelyshort-sightedtoconcludethatAtlanticismisoverandthatithasnofutureroletoplaythequestionremainsastowhetherornotthecosthasbeentoohigh.HowthatcostiscalculatedandwhatthistranslatestowillbecoveredintheAutumnissueof2014. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201451TheGreatExhibitionInLondonsHydeParkinthelargestbuildingonearthatnoononthe1stofMay1851TheGreatExhibitionoftheWorksofIndustryofallNationswasofficiallydeclaredopenbytheEmpressofIndiaHerImperialMajestyQueenVictoriaoftheUnitedKingdom.Althoughsome163yearshavepassedsincethatafternoonitcon-tinuestohavebeenthegreatestexhibitionevertohavetakenplace.InfactnotasingleeventhascomeclosetoitbyOctoberforexamplemorethansixmillionpeoplehadvisitedits13937exhibitorsandmarveledatthepalatialonemillionsquarefeetofexhibitionspacethatithadtakenlessthan9monthstobuild.WiththeproceedsfromtheExhibitiontheCommissionpurchased86acresofLondonandcreatedtheImperialCollegetheRoyalCollegeofArttheRoyalCollegeofMusictheVictoriaandAlbertMuseumtheScienceMuseumtheNaturalHistoryMuseumandtheAlbertHallandcontinuetoownandmanagemuchofthisestate.ThattheGreatExhibitionof1851wasaone-offanOlympianeventwhichsetabenchmarkforeveryexhibitionthathasfollowedinitswakeiswellknown.Butcontrarytopopularbeliefthesecrettoitssuccesswasnotthatitwasthefirstinter-nationalexhibition-PraguesforexampledatebacktotheIndustrialExhibitionof1791butthatitwasthefirstexhibitionthatwastrulytrans-national.Whatmade1851sospecialwasthatitwasthefirstandthelasttodothis.Since1851fromAbuDhabitoLasVegastheonlydifferenceinmostexhibitionshasbeeninthedistanceittakestotravelbetweenthem.Inessencetheyaremuchthesamewiththesamecompaniesthesamecustomersthesamevaluesandthesamegoals.FutureForces2014FF14aimstore-addressthisphenomenonandhostnotjustanexhibitionbutagreatoneanexhibitionthatimpactsuponthosebeyonditsvisitorsandhasaneffectbeyondthedayitclosesitsdoorsanexhibitionofnotonlyproportionbutambition.IronicallygiventhenatureofFF141851hasbeenfundamentaltoidenti-fyingthe4keyingredientstowhatitisthatwillmakesuchanexhibitionandachievethisgoal.Likethatof1851FF14willhencebetrans-nationalinnaturepoliticalinessenceincontrovertibleinpracticeandmoderninscope.AtthesametimeitwillreflectthebestoftheCzechRepublicandplayhosttotheindustrialambassadorsoftheworld.TheRecipeforSuccessTrans-nationalinNatureTheGreatExhibitionof1851wasnotaninternationaleventperse-itwasatrans-nationalonethedifferencebeingthatinter-nationalismreferstoglobalco-operationbetweennationstateswhereastrans-nation-alismreferstoglobalco-operationbetweenpeoplesand1851wastheepitomeofthisconcept.TheexhibitioninvolvednotjustahugeswatheoftheBritishEmpirebuttheworlditwasaglobaleventdesignedtoreflectupontheworldwhatitwastobeBritishitwasthebeginningofglo-balizationwithLondonatitscentrebynature.Withanestimated18000Visitors3000MilitaryandIndustrialExperts8.5MillionHitsacrossaWorldwideMediaandMarketingCampaign200additionalInternationalExhibitors400VIPsandOfficialDelegatesover80OfficiallyRepresentedCountriesand70main-streamMilitaryJournalistsandMediaOrganisationsFF14willsecurePragueasatrulyglobalvenue-thehomevenueforthearmsindustryinEurope.PoliticalinEssence1851wasnothoweverasolelyBritishaffairnoracelebrationofEmpire.Itwasapoliticalmessageandonewithaneconomicimpactthatreverberatedacrosstheworld.OfcoursethebestofBritishindustrywasdisplayedinallitsglorybuttheessenceoftheexhibitionwasacelebra-tionofthecommercialadvantagesoftheBritishpoliticalmodelofliberalismandfreetrade.Infactoverhalfoftheexhibi-tionwasdevotedtoforeigngoodsandoftheBritishhalfmuchofthisconsistedofimperialproduce.Alongsidethetechnolo-giesandequipmentofthe2012eventFF14willhencefocusonUAVsMetropolitanPolicingMaritimeSecuritySpecialForcesHomelandSecurityCriticalInfrastructureFutureForcesExhibitionPrague2014ChristopherMcKeatingGBRMilitaryAdvisorFutureForcesExhibitionConference2014 52TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014CyberSecurityFutureEnemySoldierProfilesTerrorismCounter-TerrorismandwiththeCityofPragueatitscentreitwillbeacelebrationofAtlanticismandtheVelvetRevolutionof1989.Wehavealsoinvitedover700ICOCcompaniestosettheprecedentofbeingthefirstEuropeanvenuetoopenlypromoteandsupportthePMCindustry.AndalongwithasalutetotheCentenaryoftheFirstWorldWarandtheCzechLegionsofMasryksat-ellitevenuesacrossthecitynamelyPragueCastletheCitysMilitaryandAviationMuseumsandKbelyAirfield-whichPMCscanuseforlivedemonstrationswillhostanarrayoffunctionsanddisplaystopro-motetheprincipleobjectivesandcoretasksoftheAllianceanditspartnersacrosstheglobe.IncontrovertibleinPracticeAsanationandnotastateproductoridentitywasondisplayin1851com-promisesbytheCommissionastowhattheintentionsofthecountrywerewithregardstotheexhibitionensuredthatcontroversywascourted.AsOscarWildesaidThereisonlyonethinginlifeworsethanbeingtalk-edaboutandthatisnotbeingtalkedaboutatallandthevarietyofinterpretationsandthecontroversialdiscussionsthattookplaceregardingthembecameofnationalimportance.FromthepapersandcartoonistsmockingtheAmericancontributionanditsslavestopoliticiansandindustrialistsdebat-ingtradetariffsthedebatesraged.WoulditeducatethemassesWoulditbringaboutasocialrevolutionWouldtheQueenamidstthousandsofpeoplebevieweddifferentlyWoulditdemonstrateconfidenceandunityintheKingdomorrevealitsweaknessesTheexhibitionhadtobeincontrovertibleproofthattechnologywasthewayforward.IntodaysglobalisedworldthistruthisevenmorepoignantandFF14willstandastesti-monytothefactthatanationscompassofpossibilitiesiscriticallylimitedwithoutintensivecooperationLieutenant-GeneralPetrPavelM.A.ChiefofGeneralStaffCzechArmedForces.ModerninScopeUltimatelythesignificanceoftheGreatExhibitionof1851layinitsvisionandscope.ByexhibitingthedebateonglobalizationwiththeKingdomatthecen-treofittheUKwasabletomaintainitsplaceattheforefrontofindustrializationbothhomeandabroadanddemonstratethevaluesofliberaldemocracytradeandcommerce.1851wasaprecedentforthemodernworld.FutureForcesExhibitionConference2014intendstohonourthistraditionbyprovidinganinsighttotheimmediaterequirementsoftodaysarmedforcespost-Afghanistanandaninternationalresponsetothefuturechallengesof21stCenturywarfare.FutureForces2014Toachievetheabovebetween15thand17thOctober2014atthePVAExpoExhibitionGroundsinPrague-LetanytheCzechRepublicanexhibitionoftitanicambitionisbeingplanned.AlongsidetheFutureSoldierTechnologiesandEquipmentof2012andtheusualRoboticsWeaponsandNBCEquipmentofeveryotherarmsexhibitionacentre-pieceonthefutureofUnmannedSeaAirLandSystemsPrivateMilitaryCompaniesandCounter-Terrorismexpertiseisbeingassembled.FF14aimstobethefirstexhibitionintheworldtoexhibitanddebatethecontroversysurroundingthismulti-billiondollarmarketuponwhichulti-matelypeaceandsecurityintheworldisnowdependent.ThePhilosophyBehindFutureForces2014WhilstthephilosophybehindFF14willcontinuetoremaintruetotheexhibi-tionsoriginsandincompliancewiththeprincipalobjectivesandactualcoretasksoftheAllianceanditsPartnersacrosstheglobeitwillbetrans-nationalinnature.Exhibitorsandvisitorswillthusbeabletoexperiencenotonlythechangestheworldisfacingtodaybutwhathasalwaysmadethisexhibitionsounique-anatmosphereoftradeinformationexchangeandtheforg-ingofrelationships.FromworkshopslivedemonstrationsandpaneldiscussionsonwhatArmedForcesneedtodaytoone-to-onetalkswithacademicandmilitaryexpertsatinternationallevelsonthedemandsoftomorrowtheExhibitionwillbegearedaroundpeoplebeingabletomeetwitheachotheranddevelopbusinessinaglobalenvi-ronment.TheorganizersalsoplantobringtotheCzechRepublicleadingmanufacturersofstate-of-the-artrobotictechnologiesforgroundandairborneapplicationsaswellastrainingsystemsandsimulators.MoremanufacturersofspecialwheeledvehiclesarealsoexpectedandduetotheproximityoftheKbelyAirBaseanditsexcellentfacil-itiesfordemonstrationpurposesagreateremphasisistobeplacedontheaviationsegmentinparticularUnmannedAerialVehiclesUAVsothertypesofdronesandrotary-wingaircraftupgradecapabilities.ExpertGroupsAndEducationalWorkshopsInadditionFF14willbeattendedbyvariousexpertworkinggroupswhowillactivelyparticipateintherichselectionofprogrammes.OpenNATOworkshopsarebeingorganisedforexhibitorsandexpertsfromAlliedandPartnerCountriesnamelytheFutureSoldierWorkshopaCBRNWorkshopaMultinationalLogisticsCoordinationCentreMLCCWorkshopandanUnmannedSeaAirandLandSystemsWorkshop.AmongthetopicsrelatedtotheFF14EducationalProgrammethefutureofdronewarfareandothernewtechnologiessuchasfabricsandtrendsincombatcloth-inglightweightballisticsload-carryingsystemssmallarmsintegrationoptionscamouflageinteroperabilityISRISTARdeceptionandeffortstoimprovelogisticscapabilitiesintheatrewillalsobediscussed.InconclusionFutureForces2014willbetrans-nationalinnaturepoliticalinessenceincontrovertibleinpracticemoderninscopeandtheCzechRepublicatitsbest. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201453BrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiPolishArmyassumedtheposi-tionoftheJointForceTrainingCentreCommander.HereplacedSlovakArmyMajorGeneralPavelMackowhohadledthecentresinceApril2011.TheCommandwashandedoverbyFrenchAirForceGeneralJean-PaulPalomrostheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationSACTwhohostedtheceremonyon17December2013.IamverypleasedtobewithyouforthisimportantChangeofCommandcer-emonywhichisaverymovingtimeforthedepartingCommanderMajorGeneralPavelMackoandaverychallengingperspectiveforthenewCommanderBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskisaidGeneralPalomroswhileopeningtheevent.HealsohighlightedtheachievementsoftheJFTCandrecognizedthedevelopmentthecentrehadgonethroughduringthelast2.5yearsundertheCommandofGeneralMackoandwelcomedGeneralGrabowskionboard.TheJFTCscommitmenttopre-deploymenttrainingforISAFthecentrescurrenttransformationtowardabroadertrainingmissionforNATOCommandStructureandNATOForceStructureincludingnumerouseventsthecentrehasalreadyconductedandsupportedinthisfieldandtheJFTCscentralroleindevel-opingadistributedtrainingconceptaswellasinNATOLiveVirtualConstructivesimulationsalltheseelementsmarkedsignificantlythelastJFTCsyears.GeneralPalomroshighlightedthatthecentreisnowappreciatedacrosstheAllianceandthisisduetoitshighlymotivatedstaffandtheleadership.MajorGeneralMackoIamtrulygratefulforthewayyouhaveledthiscen-tre.JFTCwouldnotnearlybethesamesuccessstorywithoutyourexceptionalqualitiesandyourunreservedcommit-menttheSACTaddressedtheoutgoingCommander.Yourdedicationtoexcel-lenceisreflectedinJFTCsaccomplish-FirstPolishGeneralinCommandoftheJFTCJFTCRecentEvents 54TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014mentswhichhavealwaysbeentimelyrelevantandofthehighestqualityandhavebeenrecognizedassuchbothbyACTandbySHAPE.InaddressingthepresentandpreparingthefuturethroughouttheentireportfoliooftheConnectedForcesInitiativeEducation-Training-Exercises-TechnologyyouhavetrulyputtheJFTCattheforefrontofthegreatchallengeofimprovingNATOsreadinessandinterop-erability.SACTalsoaddressedthenewJFTCCommander.BrigadierGeneralGrabowskiIknowJFTCwillremaininverycapablehandsundertheleadershipofanofficerwhoperfectlyunderstandsNATOandknowsJFTCshighpotentialsaidGeneralPalomros.IamcompletelyconfidentthatJFTCundertheleadershipofitsnewCommanderwillrisetothechal-lengeasithasdonemagnificentlyuptonow.IcanassureJFTCsmenandwomenofmypersonalandmyHeadquartersfullsupport.InhisfarewellwordsMajorGeneralMackoalsosummarizedtheyearshespentattheJFTCandinBydgoszczPolandandthankedallwhosupportedhimthroughoutthoseyears.Itwasformeaswellasformynationanextraordinaryhonorandprivi-legethatfor32consecutivemonthsIcouldcommandthisstate-of-the-artcen-tre.ItwouldnthavebeensuchapleasurewithoutpeoplelikeyoutheJFTCstaffmembersJFTCSupportUnitmembersNCIAstaffandtechniciansandcommandor3rdNATOSignalBattalionmembers.Weallmanagedtocreateonegreatteamsuccessorientedandfocused-saidtheoutgoingGeneral.HethankedhisnationforgivinghimthepossibilitytocometoBydgoszcztheHostNationPolandandlocalauthoritiesfortheirtremendousassistanceandhiswifeforhercontinuoussupport.GeneralMackoalsoaddressedGeneralPalomrosSirthankyouforyouroutstandingsupporttomeandtothewholecentre.Itwasanhonortoserveunderyourcommand.AlthoughhavingtheHQovertheAtlanticanddespitethetimedifferenceyoualwaysfoundtimetovisitusandtolistentoourrequirementsandproblems.AndtohissuccessorhesaidUnderyourcommandtheJFTCwillfurthergrowandthereareenoughnewchallengesleftaheadofyouasthecentrewillassumeitsgreaterrolewithintheimplementationoftheConnectedForcesInitiative.SimplytheCentreunderyourcommandwillliveitsmottoTransformationThroughTraining.Andgiveitfreshmeaning.Iwishyouandtothisgreatteamallthebest.AfterreceivingtheJFTCColoursfromtheSACTthenewCommanderwelcomedhisstaffandthedistin-guishedgueststotheceremony.GeneralGrabowskistartedhisspeechwithwordsofappreciationtohispredecessors.Iwouldliketothankthemfortheirpragmaticvisionhardworkandflex-ibility.Theircommandethosalongwiththeireffortshasledtothemanyachieve-mentsoftheJointForceTrainingCentre.BecauseoftheirgreatperseveranceandflexibilityIhavetakenoverakeyNATOtrainingcentrewhichhasalreadyproveditsgreatusefulnesstotheAlliance.Healsoaddedthathewoulddoeverythinginhispowertocontinuetheexcellentjob TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201455ofhispredecessor.IwillspendeverypossibleefforttomakeJFTCevenbetterandmoreeffectivetraininginstitution.Iwillgivenolessthan100andIexpectnolessinreturn.2014willbemarkedbythreeimpor-tantanniversaries-the65thanniversaryofNATOHungarytheCzechRepublicandPolandwillcelebratetheir15thanniversa-riesofjoiningtheAllianceandtheJointForceTrainingCentrewillcelebrateits10thanniversary.IamhonouredtogettheopportunitytoorganiseandofcoursetocelebratetheseanniversarieswithyouhereonPolishsoilsaidGeneralGrabowski.DuringthepressconferencehealsohighlightedfourkeylinesofefforthewouldfocusonastheJFTCCommanderTrainingfortacticalcommandersandtheirstaffsfortheongoingNATOoperations.InparticularthemissioninAfghanistanwillremainthehighestpriorityforthecentreThecentremustcontinueitsowndevelopmentandenhancementofitsprofessionallevelinordertobetheplaceoffirstchoicewheretheNATOcommanderswillcomefortheirtrainingbeforereachingoperationalreadinessorbeforedeploymentThecentrewillcontinuepreparingitselfforfuturemissionsandtasksbeyondISAFmissionDevelopingtheJFTCsespritdecorpstomaketheJFTCsinternalcommunitystrongerandtobuildstrongbondswithlocalcommunityinordertopromotetruevaluesofNATO.DuringtheceremonyMajorGeneralMackowasdecoratedwiththreemed-alsforhisexceptionalserviceandworkastheCommanderoftheJointForceTrainingCentre.MajorGeneralAndrzejFakowskitheDeputyChiefofStaffofthePolishArmedForcespresentedtheoutgo-ingCommanderwiththePolishArmedForcesMedalinGoldLieutenantGeneralReinhardKammerertheCommanderoftheFieldArmyandtheViceChiefofGermanArmydecoratedhimwiththeGermanArmedForcesCrossofHonorinGoldandMr.RafaBruskitheMayorofBydgoszczawardedGeneralMackowiththehonoraryMedaloftheMayorofBydgoszcz.AmongdistinguishedguestswhobidfarewelltoGeneralMackoandwel-comedGeneralGrabowskitherewerealsomanyothermilitaryrepresentativesofNATOanditsnationsdiplomatsandlocalauthoritiesincludingtheAmbassadoroftheRepublicofFranceH.E.PierreBuhlertheAmbassadoroftheSlovakRepublicH.E.VasilGrivnaMemberofPolishParliamentMr.ukaszKrupatheVoivodeofKujawsko-PomorskieProvinceMrs.EwaMestheChairmanoftheRegionalCouncilMrs.DorotaJakutafor-merDeputySupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationGeneralMieczysawBieniektheDeputyChiefofStaffoftheSlovakArmedForcesLieutenantGeneralPeterGajdotheCommanderoftheGermanMultinationalJointOperationalHeadquartersLieutenantGeneralRichardRossmanithandtheDeputyCommanderoftheAlliedLandCommandLieutenantGeneralGordonMessenger. JFTCRecentEvents56TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014ThenewJointForceTrainingCentreCommanderBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiinauguratedanotherbusyyearfortheJFTC.Withcloseto100guestsincludingrepresentativesofregionalauthoritiestheCityofBydgoszcznumerouscivilianandmilitaryorganizationsthecentrestartedaverydemandingtimeoftrainingandexerciseaswellasthetimeofsignificantjubileesamidstthemthecentres10thanniversary.TheJFTCsannualNewYearsReceptiontookplaceon9January2014.2013wasaveryintensiveanddynam-icyearfortheJFTC.Weexecutedanumberoftrainingeventsthatwerehighlyevaluatedbyoursuperiors.WealsosuccessfullyestablishedcooperationwithNATOLandCommandinIzmirTurkeyGeneralGrabowskibrieflysummedupthelastyear.HealsohighlightedmajorgoalsforthefutureandmentionedtheupcomingchangesintheJFTCmainfocus.2014willbetheyearofchallengesalsobecausetheISAFmissioncomestoanendandthusthecharacterofthesupportpro-videdforthetrainingoftheAfghanNationalSecurityForceswillchange.AnnualNewYearsReceptionsalsogivetheJFTCCommanderafantasticoppor-tunitytothankallthecentresfriendsfromPolandtheregionandtheCityofBydgoszczforthesupportandgoodcooperationprovidedthroughoutthepastyear.WithoutthesupportreceivedfromtheHostNationthroughtheJFTCSupportUnitandwithoutthehardworkdoneforourcentrebyNATOCommunicationsandInformationAgency3NATOSignalBattalionandtheAlliedCommandCounterIntelligencethepresentsuccesswouldsimplybeimpossibleLetmealsohighlightexcellentcoopera-tionwiththeVoivodeOfficeCityHallLocalGovernmentPoliceMilitaryPoliceCustomsOfficeandotherinstitutionssupportingtheJFTCactivities.Thankyouallfromthebot-tomofmyheartandIamlookingforwardtofurtherfruitfulcooperation-saidGeneralGrabowski.EarlierthatdaytheJFTCCommanderaddressedhisstaff.IthankeachandeveryoneofyouforyoursupportanddedicationthatcontributedtothesuccessoftheJFTCmissionThankstoyoureffortsNATOadvisorsandregionalcommandsstaffsinISAFwereabletofulfilltheirtasksbetterandunitsinNATOForceStructureareatthehigherlevelofreadi-nessforassumingnewmissionsGeneralNewYearattheJFTCOfficiallyOpened TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201457GrabowskihighlightedandaddedYoureffortsanddedicationbuiltagreatposi-tiveimageoftheJFTCwhichisrecognizedNATOwide.InhisNewYearsAddresstothestaffGeneralGrabowskialsopointedoutfivemainJFTCprioritiesfortheupcomingmonths.Hementionedcontinuityofsupporttoongo-ingmissionsassumptionoffullspectrumtrainingimplementationoftheConnectedForcesInitiativeenhancementofcommunityofinterestandcooperationaswellasenhance-mentoftheJFTCsinstitutionalstrength.TheJFTCwillstartfulfillingthepri-oritiesinafewdayswhenthefirst2014trainingforfuturestaffoftheISAFRegionalCommandNorthkicksoff. 58TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014JFTCDirectorsandCommandersMajorGeneralPeterKhnelDNKADirector01.05.200430.11.2006MajorGeneralAgnerRokosDNKADirector01.12.200628.02.2009MajorGeneralPavelMackoSVKACommander29.04.201117.12.2013BrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskiPOLACommander17.12.2013-MajorGeneralIbJohannesBagerDNKADirector01.03.200928.02.2010Commander01.03.201029.04.2011 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201459JFTCDeputyDirectorsandDeputyCommandersBrigadierGeneralBronisawKwiatkowskiPOLADeputyDirector01.07.200431.08.2005BrigadierGeneralTadeuszBukPOLADeputyDirector01.09.200530.11.2006RearAdmiralStanisawZarychtaPOLNDeputyDirector26.05.200828.02.2010DeputyCommander01.03.2010-02.09.2010BrigadierGeneralGrzegorzBuszkaDeputyCommanderandLiaisonPOLAOfficertotheHostNation07.07.201122.04.2013BrigadierGeneralRyszardWiniewskiPOLADeputyDirector01.12.200631.03.2008 60TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May2014JFTCDeputyCommandersChiefsofStaffBrigadierGeneralJaromrZnaCZEADeputyCommanderChiefofStaff01.12.201225.07.2013BrigadierGeneralLszlSzabHUNADeputyCommanderChiefofStaff25.07.2013- TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo5May201461JFTCChiefsofStaffBrigadierGeneralSimeonSimeonovBGRAFChiefofStaff08.09.200404.05.2005BrigadierGeneralConstantinVeselinovPopovBGRAFChiefofStaff05.05.200528.08.2006BrigadierGeneralNeykoNenovBGRAChiefofStaff23.07.200809.07.2010BrigadierGeneralJaromrZnaCZEAChiefofStaff02.08.201030.11.2012BrigadierGeneralPanagiotisMavropoulosGRCAChiefofStaff21.08.200623.07.2008