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13181639462TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013TABLEOFCONTENTS4SteadfastJazz136OvercomingChallengesthroughCWIX201310ISAFRegionalCommandNorthTrainingBydgoszcz13NewBeginningfortheJFTC-TheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationabouttheCentresFutureTasks16JJJPresentingaUnifiedFront18CAXForum19JFTCasPotentialGatewayforCFIImplementation22JackalsandDronesTheMetamorphosisof21stCenturyTerrorism39TheChangeofPostCeremonyattheJointForceTrainingCentre42BritishForeignPolicyontheRoadtoDamascus44MajorGeneralNeykoNenovaboutHisServiceattheJFTC46BecomingInternational48LifeattheJFTC-2013inRetrospect48106 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20133PublishingInstitutionJointForceTrainingCentreBydgoszczJFTCManagingdirectorBrigadierGeneralLszlSZABJFTCDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffAssistantEditorLtC.ChristianvonPLATENJFTCPublicAffairsOfficerEditorialBoardProf.Dr.MarjanMALESICUniversityofLjubljanaSloveniaAssoc.Prof.Dipl.Eng.PavelBUKACSc.ArmedForcesAcademyofGeneralRastislavStefanikSlovakiaDr.KamilaSIERZPUTOWSKAKazimierzWielkiUniversityPolandLtC.Ing.BohuslavPERNICAPh.D.MinistryofDefenseoftheCzechRepublicAdvisoryCommitteeLtC.Ing.JaroslavBARILLAJFTCSpecialStaffMaj.JacekLASHMANNJFTCInformationManagerMs.RadosawaKUBICZEKPublicAffairsSpecialistMr.TomaszOCISKIJFTCLanguageSpecialistEditorialContactInformationPublicAffairsOfficeJointForceTrainingCentreul.Szubiska2Bydgoszcz85-915Poland.E-mailpaojftc.nato.intJFTC2012ISSN2084-8358TransformationThroughTrainingTheaimofthismagazineistoprovideaforumforexchangeofinformationandexpertiseamongtrain-ingandeducationalinstitutionsacrossNATOintheareaoftrainingmilitaryprofessionaleducationandrelatedtechnologicalsupport.InthecontextofTheNATOSmartDefenseapproachthereisgrow-ingimportanceforcooperationwithpartnerstatesandinternationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNationstheEuropeanUniontheOrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropeandothers.WiththeaboveinmindtheJFTCinvitesauthorsfromcountriesandinstitutionsbeyondtheNATOenvi-ronmenttopublishintheTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine.Themagazinewillfocusonthebestpracticesintheareasofcommandandstafftrain-ingprofessionalmilitaryeducationsimulationsandsimulationtechnologiesdistributedtrainingmili-tarytrainingdevelopmentandotherrelatedareas.TheJFTCalsowelcomesrecommendationsfortheapplicationofthemostrecentexperienceandlessonslearnedfromongoingoperationstrainingeventsandrecentinnovationsinthefieldofsimulationsandinformationtechnologies.ThemagazinewillalsobrieflycoverthelifeoftheinternationalcommunityattheJFTCwiththeaimofpromotingthecentrewithinNATOandamongthepartnernations.ThemagazinewillbepublishedtwiceayearduringthespringandfallbytheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszcz.ThearticlespublishedinthismagazinerepresentopinionsoftheirauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpolicyofNATO.ScantheQRcodewithyourmobiledevice.ThiswilltakeyoutothearchiveofTransformationThroughTrainingmagazine. 4TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Year2013isatransitionyearfortheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTC.ForseveralyearsaccordingtothedecisionofGeneralMattiswhowastheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationin2008theNATOCentreinBydgoszczfocusedonongoingoperationstrain-ingi.e.ISAFmissiontraining.AstheJFTCisresponsiblefortacticaltrainingthecentreorga-nizedexercisesforRegionalCommandsNorthandSouthandforOperationalMentoringandLiaisonTeamsOMLTthenreplacedbyPoliceMilitaryOperationalCoordinationCentreAdvisoryTeamsPATMATOCCATatKandakandaboveKandaklevelwhenJointWarfareCentreJWCdealtwithInternationalSecurityAssistanceForceHeadquartersISAFHQandISAFJointCommandIJC.ButastheISAFmissionwillleavethefloortothepost2014NATOtrainingandassis-tancemissionandduetoaveryhighlevelofambitionofNATOconcerningtrainingstheJointForceTrainingCentrewillreturntotrainingtheNATOResponseForceNRFandpreparationofthecertificationofhead-quartersfromtheNATOCommandStructureNCSandNATOForceStructureNFS.WecannowtalkaboutacomebackbecausebeforeGeneralMattisdecisionitwasthetaskofJFTCtodealwithNRFtrainingwhichwasaverychallenginggoalforthecentre.TheISAFtrainingeventshavealotofdiscrepancieswithtraditionalNATOexercises.TheplanningcycleisdifferentandshortenedthedutyofthecentreisnotthesameduringtheeventandthesettingsusedforthescenarioareduplicatedfromtheatrewhentheyhavetobecreatedinastandardNATOexercise.AllthismakesabigdifferencethattheJFTChastotakeintoaccountandtoregainexperienceinordertobefullyreadytoconductNRFtraining.TomeetthischallengetheJFTCisadaptingitselfbychangingitsinternalstructure.TrainingDivisiondivisionwasorganizedtoper-formonlythreedifferenttypesoftrainingeventsasmentionedpreviouslyRCNorthRCSouthOMLT.Thereforeeachofthethreebrancheshadoneandonlyassignmentbeingabletogiveahandtotheothersforeverytrainingevent.ButfacingthediversityofallthedifferentexercisestheJFTChasnowtoconductsup-portorhostforinstanceBoldDragonPumaSteadfastJazzorLoyalBonustheTDhastocometoamorecross-functionalorganization.SoinregardtothepredictablechangesinAfghanistanandtosupportthisstructurechangeprocessadecisionwasmadeattheJFTCin2012tostarttolearnfromtheongoingNRFexercisestobecomeuptospeedwhenthetaskwillbegivenformally.ThefirstteamwasappointedtoattendtheplanningcycleandexecutionphaseoftheexerciseNobleLedger12takingplaceatthemilitarytrain-ingareaofSt.MawganUK.ThistrainingofAlliedRapidReactionCorpsARRCwasasLCCforNRF2013.Butthiswasonlythefirststep.ThemaineventthatwillbethewarmingupfortheJFTCisaverycomplexandbigexerciseSteadfastJazz13SFJZ13.Asagreedbetweenthecommand-ersofJFTCandJWCtheTDparticipantsofSFJZ13arementoredbyJWCmembersduringeveryphaseoftheexerciseinclud-STEADFASTJAZZ13LTCPhilippeTeppaz-MissonJFTCTrainingDivisionStaffOfficerWhenJFTCComesBacktoNRFAfteraLongOperationalInvolvementEditorsnoteThearticlewassubmittedbeforetheexecutionofSteadfastJazz2013. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20135ingtheplanning.Thisconcernsmainlyobservertrainersduringexecutionphasesbutalsoscenariodevelopersandplanningofficersduringallthepreparationmeetings.ExerciseSteadfastJazz2013SFJZ13willbeheldinLatviaLithuaniaandPolandforitsvisiblepartinNovember.OtherparticipantswillcontributetothisexercisefromGermanyItalyBelgiumandNorway.SteadfastJazz2013isapartialLiveExerciseintheBalticregioncombinedwithaComputerAssistedExerciseLIVEXCAX.TheLIVEXwilltakeplaceinPolandandintheBalticSea.TherewillbealandmaneuveraswellasairandmaritimeassetsdemonstratingNATOpower.SFJZ13isamulti-tierdeployableforcesexerciseinvolvingHQsfromthestrategicleveldowntothebrigadelevelforaNATOcollectivedefenseoperation.SFJZ13istheexercisewhichwillcreateavenuetotrainintegrateevaluateandsupportthecer-tificationoftheNATOResponseForceNRF2014HeadquartersthatistosaytheCommandandControldelegatedbyNATOmemberstatesandbyAlliedCommandOperationACOtoconducttheNRFstandbyduringyear2014.TheNATOResponseForceisahighreadinesstechnologicallyadvancedmultina-tionalNATOcapability.TheNRFismannedbyunitscommittedbymemberstatesmaintainingahighreadinesslevelintheirhomestatesforasetperiodoftimetobecapabletodeploytoopera-tionalregionswithinanestablishedperiodoftimeifadecisiontoinvoketheforcewasmade.TheNRFiscapableofdeployingtotheopera-tionaltheatrewithinfivedaysfromtheapprovalofsuchdecision.TheNRFisactivatedatthedecisionoftheNorthAtlanticCouncilNAC.Thestand-byphaseforthisrotationwillstarton1January2014andwilllastforonecalendaryear.ItconcernsdifferentheadquartersfromtheNCSandtheNFS.ThecommandoftheNRFisgiventoCommanderAlliedJointForceCommandBrunssumCOMJFCBSGeneralHans-LotharDomrse.ThatistosaythatJFCBSwillprovidethenucleusoftheJointTaskForceHQofthisNRF2014.DifferentComponentsaredesignatedasfollowstheRapidReactionCorpsFranceRRCFRAinLillewillbetheLandComponentCommandtheAlliedAirCommandRamsteinwillpro-videAirComponentCommandwithaJointForceAirComponentHQtheItalianMaritimeForcesITMARFORwillbeappointedasMaritimeComponentCommandandtheItalianJointSpecialOperationHeadquartersITJSOHQwillbeassignedasSpecialOperationsComponentCommand.AJointLogisticSupportGroupJLSGwillbeformedbytheJFCBSandNATORapidDeploymentCorpsNRDCItalyandChemicalBiologicalRadiologicalNuclearCBRNTaskForceisprovidedbyFrancewithits2ndDragoonRegiment.Inaddi-tiontothattheSupremeHeadquartersAlliedPowerEuropeSHAPEwillparticipatewithitsnewComprehensiveCrisisandOperationManagementCentreCCOMCasthestrategiclevelofcommand.AsaportionofmilitaryunitsandcommandandcontrolelementsassignedtotheNATOResponseForcewillbefieldedtothetrainingareasinLatviaLithuaniaandPolandfortheSteadfastJazz2013periodHostNationswillalsohavethemainroleinthisexercise.AnexclusivefeatureoftheexerciseisthatitwillbeconductedjointlywiththeHostNationSupportHNSintheBalticStatesexercisecalledBalticHost2013whosepur-poseistotrainthecapacityoftheBalticStatestorenderHNStotheNATOallies.IntegrationofBalticHost2013intothislargerNATOexercisewillelevatethetrainingeventtoahigherlevelbecausetheexercisewillnotonlyensureregionallevelinteroperabilitybutalsointeroperabilitywiththealliedforces.Theeventwillsignificantlyimprovethereadi-nessoftheBalticStatestorendertheHNS.ExerciseSteadfastJazz2013willexploitNATOArticle5collectivedefenseoperationscenario.Thisisthefirsttimesincetheendofcoldwarthatsuchacollectivedefensescenariowillbeusedinanexer-cise.TheSFJZ13willcontributetoNATOsvisibleassuranceinitiativetodemonstrateNATOscohesionandcommitment.Itwillbesupportedbystrategiccommunication.InparticularsomePartnershipforPeacePfPnationssuchasRussiaareinvitedtovisittheeventaswellasInternationalOrganizationsIOsandNon-governmentalOrganizationsNGOs.ThescenariobasedonthenewlydesignedSkolkansettingswhichpreviouslywasusedonlyoncebutinanon-article5oper-ationfeaturesafictitiousformercommunistandanon-democraticstateofBothniawhichisveryaggressivetowardsEstoniaandNATOgenerallyspeakingmainlyforhistoricalandeconomicalreasons.TheNRFwillbesenttotheBalticregioninordertopreventortofoilanattackagainstoneoftheNATOmembers.TheexerciseisnowongoingeventhoughthemainpartwillbeheldinNovemberthisyear.Mostoftheplanningconferenc-eshavebeenconductedledbytheOfficerPrimaryResponsibilityOPRfromBrunssumandthelastonewillbetheFinalCoordinationConferenceFCCinSeptemberinRiga.Veryimportanteventstosetthescenebeforethebeginningoftheexercisehavebeenalreadyachieved.FirstpartwastheAcademicphaseandtheKeyLeadertrainingwhicharecrucialtomakesurethatallthestaffofeachhead-quartersareworkinginthesamewayspeakthesamelanguagetoachievethesamegoals.Alltheproceduresandmainprincipleswereaddressedtoensureeverybodyisheadinginthesamedirection.ThesecondpartwastheCrisisResponsePlanningCRPphase.ThisphaseisdesignedtotrainandexercisethenewComprehensiveOperationPlanningDirectiveCOPDusingtheToolforOperationPlanningFunctionalAreaServicesTOPFAS.Butthisisalsothephaseinwhichalltheoperationaldocumentationisproducedtoruntheexerciseinitslastpart.TheplaniswrittentasksaregiventoeachheadquartersandsothewarcanstartDuringthosephasestheJFTCsendspersonnelfrombothTDandTrainingSupportDivisionTSDtoobservehowtheplanningcycleoccursandhowJWCobservertrain-ersareinteractingwiththetrainingaudience.Theycouldobservehowtoleadthetrain-ingaudienceintherightdirectionnotgivingthemthesolutionbutguidingthembyaskingaccuratequestions.Itisnotenoughtobeasubjectmatterexperttobeagoodobservertrainer.Youalsohavetoimproveyourpeda-gogicalandhumanskills.CooperationwasveryfruitfulastheJFTCmembersareveryeagertolearnandJWCtrainersareverycom-mittedtosupportourefforttogainexperience.AndnowthatalltheplanningisalmostdoneasthelastplanningconferencewillbetheFCCinSeptemberthebigpartisabouttobeplayed.FirsttheBattleStaffTrainingBSTwillbeakindofrehearsalforthelastexecutionphase-phaseIIIwhichisavis-iblepartofthisoneandahalf-yearmarathon.Thesetwomaineventswillbenewopportuni-tiesfortheJFTCmembersinparticularfornewcomerstogetreadyforthenextmissionoftheBydgoszczcentrepreparationoftheAlliedLandCommandcertificationexercisein2014.AndthefirststepofthispreparationwilltakeplacealreadytwoweeksafterSFJZ13inBydgoszcznicknamedtheLoyalBonus.AnewchallengefortheJFTC 6TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013The2013CoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityeXplorationeXperimen-tationeXaminationeXerciseCWIXheldattheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCfrom320June2013illus-tratedtheimportanceofinteroperabilitytestingwithintheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationNATO.Thecontinuedsuc-cessoftheCWIXisbasedontheneedforNATOandPartnerstoestablishandtestinteroperabilityonkeyCommunicationandInformationSystemsCISpriortouseinanoperationalsetting.ThekeyroleoftheCWIXasavenueforinterop-erabilitytestingandvalidationismagni-fiedbythedesireofthepoliticalleader-shipasexpressedintheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFI.BasedonCFIprinci-pleswithinNATOthenationsneedtomaintaintheinteroperabilitygainsfromcombatoperationsandcontinuetoimproveinteroperabilitycapabilitiesforfutureoper-ations.TheJFTCwasakeycomponentintheCWIX2013innotjustprovidingthepri-maryfacilityfortheover800participantsbutalsoasactiveparticipantsinthetechni-caltestingandset-upoftheevent.Thesuc-cessoftheCWIXdemonstratesthecriticallinkbetweentheJFTCandHeadquartersAlliedCommandTransformationACT.CWIXOverviewTheconnectionandcooperationbetweentheJFTCandACTiscrucialastheclosecoordinationleadstoarobustexerciseprogramfortheannualCWIX.In2013theCWIXhad18nationsand11NATOorganizationsthatconductedtestingon149differentCISplatforms.TheunderlyingnetworkinfrastructureforCWIXwasdevel-opedandmanagedbytheJFTCtoensurearobustnetworkenvironmentfortestingthevarietyofsystems.Thisyeartestingwasalsoconductedby20distributedtest-ingsiteswhichenabledadditionaltestingOvercomingChallengesthroughCWIX2013Mr.FulvioPostognaJFTCTrainingSupportDivisionEngineerLTCPeterLueckJFTCTrainingSupportDivisionStaffOfficerThe2013CWIXwashostedattheJFTCinJune.Duringthisthree-weekexercisetheJFTCplayedhosttoover800participantsand18Nations.Movingbeyondthesheernumberofpeopleinvolvedistheoftendifficulttaskofbuildingacompletenetworktofacilitateinteroperabilitytesting.InthisregardtheJFTCledbytheCWIXCISWorkingGroupincoordinationwiththeNCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszczhighlightthatgoodcooperativeteamworkcanachieveamazingresults. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20137andexpansionoftestingopportunities.InadditiontothenetworktheJFTCwasalsoanactiveparticipantbyparticipatingintheMobileComputingFocusAreaandwithtestingtheNATOLiveVirtualConstructiveNLVCsuiteofapplications.GiventhedifferentareasthisarticlewillnowfocusontheJFTCefforttoovercomesomeofthetechnicaldifficultieswithintheexercise.DuringtheplanningphaseforCWIX2013afewmajortechnicalchallengeswerepresentedtotheJFTCandtothelocalNATOCommunicationsInformationAgencyNCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszcz.ThefirstchallengepresentedbythenationswasthedesiretoconnecttwoseparateportionsorenclavesoftheCombinedFederatedBattleLaboratoriesNetworkCFBLNettogethertoenhancethenumberofcapabilitiespres-ent.TobetterunderstandwhattheCFBLNetispresentedhereisthedefinitionfromtheDefenseInformationSystemsAgencyDISAwebsiteCFBLNetisnetworkequipmentandservicesthatarelocatedwithinthecon-finesofthevariousnationalandinternationalbattlelaboratoriesandexperimentationsitesoftheparticipantswhichprovidetheappli-cationsanalytictoolsandcommunicationsnecessarytoconductinitiatives.ThelesstechnicalinterpretationisthattheCFBLNetismultipleenclavesthatfacilitatedifferenttypesoftestingandexperimentationaroundtheworldwithmemberorganizationsandnations.FortheCWIXtestinganenclaveontheCFBLNetisestablishedannuallytocre-ateasecureandreliabletestingenvironment.FirstTechnologicalChallengeFederatingTwoNetworksTheCWIXenclaveisbuilteveryyeartofacilitateCWIXtestingandisdirect-lymanagedbytheCWIXCISWorkingGrouplead.ThisyearforthefirsttimetwoCFBLNetenclaveswereconnectedtosupporttestingduringCWIX.ThesetwonetworksconsistedoftheCoalitionTestandEvaluationEnvironmentCTE2enclaveandtheCWIXenclave.TheCTE2enclaveisadedicatedenvironmentthatsimulatestheAfghanistanMissionNetworkAMNconfigurationandisusedtoperformpre-deploymenttestingoftheCommandandControlC2systemsbeforedeploymentintotheISAFTheater.TheCTE2enclaveismanagedbytheCoalitionInteroperabilityAssuranceandValidationCIAVcommu-nity.ManyNationsparticipatewithC2systemsinbothcommunitiesCWIXandCIAVandthereforeitseemednaturaltobridgethetwonetworksinsteadofalterna-tivelymovingandre-configuringcapabilitiesfromoneenclavetotheother.ThisbasicconceptappearedtobegoodfortestingduringtheCWIXandwouldfacilitateaddi-tionalC2systemsavailableforpotentialinteroperabilitytestingifagoodsolutiontoconnectingtheenclavescouldbefound.ToconnecttheCWIXandCIAVenclavesmultipleoptionswerediscussedonthebestsolutionforjoiningthetwonet-works.ThefinaldecisionwastomaintaintheidentityoftheCWIXsitesandtheCTE2sitesbycompletingaroutingbridgebetweenthem.Thistechnicalsolutiondetailedtheneedtomaintaintheseparateenclavesandcreateameansforthesystemstocom-municate.EvenifthetechnicalchallengestobridgethetwodifferentenclaveswerequicklydefinedthemajorissuefacedbytheCWIXcommunitywasthesharingagree-mentsandtheaccreditationorcertificationofthesecurityrulesprocesstohavethetwoenclavesconnected.ThisledtotheclassicintelligencesharingdilemmaofneedtosharecomparedtoamIallowedtoshareordoIwishtoshareprinciple.Thisledtoaverytechnicalsolutionthattookalongtimetocoordinatewhichallowedthebridgetoonlysharetheinformationonanasneed-edprinciple.Aftertheagreementthattheenclavescouldbebridgedthenthetechnicalchallengeofconnectingthemwasdeveloped.OnthetechnicalsidetheintegrationofthetwoenclavesrequiredchangestotheoverallCISarchitecture.GiventhattheCTE2enclaveisapermanentnetworkthedecisionmadebytheCISWorkingGroupLeadwastousetheexistingCTE2enclavestructureandroutingconfigurationsasthebaseline.ThiswasafundamentalchangefortheCWIXandrequiredadditionalworktoensurethatthisconnectionofthetwoenclaveswasinvisibletotheexerciseparticipants.ManyofthecoreenclaveconfigurationstypicallyusedinCWIXwouldnotapplyforthisyearandleadtomajorchangestothetemporaryCWIXnetwork.ThroughthesechangestheCWIXCISWorkingGroupwasabletosuc- 8TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013cessfullyintegratethetwoseparateenclavesandfacilitatedover4000testinteractions.OverallamongtheCWIXCIScom-munityitwasquicklyrealizedthatthemostchallengingproblemswerenotthehowtothatcouldbesolvedconsultingdocu-mentationpersonalexperienceorviatheInternet-wideforumsbutrathertheamIallowedtoissues.Thisgaveagoodflavorofthechallengesthefederationofheteroge-neousnetworkswillposeinthefutureandarealsenseoftheissuestheAMNcom-munityhasalreadyfacedwhenstandinguptheCISinfrastructurethatsupportedISAFtillnow.Thisledtothesecondtechnologi-calchallengeduringCWIXindevelopingacloudinfrastructuretosupporttesting.SecondTechnologicalChallengeBuildingaCloudInfrastructureThisyeartheJFTCandtheNCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszczdevel-opedaVMWarebasedcloudinfrastruc-ture.ThepurposeforthissolutionistheabilitytoreducethenumberofserversthatneedtobepresentattheJFTCtosup-portinteroperabilitytesting.DuringeveryCWIXnationsandNATOagenciesbringamultitudeofserversatagreatcostfortransportationandspaceusageattheJFTC.Theabilitytoreducethenumberofserverswillincreasespaceformorecapabilitiestestingandreducethepowerandair-condi-tioningrequirementsontheJFTCfacility.Anotherbenefitgainedistheinsightintobuildingacloudinfrastructurethatsup-portsawiderconceptofdistributedtraininginaconnectedforcesenvironment.AscloudinfrastructureandcapabilitiescontinuetoexpandinbothgovernmentandcommercialuseitisatechnologythatcanbeleveragedbytheJFTC.TheabilitytohostandruncomplexC2systemsfromadistancecouldprovidereducedenergyrequirementsandinfrastructuretoforwarddeployedcom-manders.AsaNATOTrainingCentreitisimportantfortheJFTCincoordinationwith TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20139NCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszcztorealizethistechnologyanditscapabilitiesinfuturetrainingevents.RecentlyfiveserversattheJFTCwereupgradedtobeusedashostmachineswhichenableacloudinfra-structure.MorespecificallyduringCWIX2013NCIAgencyconfiguredaprivatecloudbasedonVMwareCloudDirectorthatranthebulkoftheInteroperabilityExperimentationTestingandValidationIETVplatformwithmorethan60serversandtheACTServiceOrientedArchitectureSOAmachineswithfourservers.Theabilitytoreducethetotalnumberofserv-ersattheJFTCfrom64tofivewasanextraordinaryeffortthatstillprovidedastabletestingplatform.Anaddedbenefitistheabilitytoquicklyreconfigurethesys-temandon-the-flyre-engineeringallowedforasuccessfulhostingoftheIETVplat-formandtheSOAservers.InthefuturetheJFTCandNCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszczaredeterminedtoexpandthecloudinfrastructuretofurtherreducethetotalnumberofservershostedattheJFTC.InadditiontoCWIXthecloudplat-formsupportsawiderconceptofdistrib-utedtraininginNATO.Forthefutureitcouldbepossiblenotonlytodistributethetrainingaudiencesortheexercisecontrolbutfederateandusedistributedcomputingfacilitiesfromeithernation-alorNATOtrainingcentrestoprovideresourceswhenneeded.Thedatacenterspresentattheindividuallocationscouldbecomearesourcetobeutilizedtocom-plementeachotherasneeded.Thedata-centerwillbedecoupledfromtheappli-cationsFunctionalAreaservicesFAStheyrun.ThebenefittothisapproachisthattheFASwillbeexecutedwherevercomputingpowerisavailableandisacces-sibleinatrainingcloudviaafederatedhighbandwidthnetwork.TheabilitytolinkandmanagethisenvironmentwillbeverybeneficialtotheJFTCandNCIAgencySquadronofBydgoszczinthefutureastrainingrequirementsdevelop.ConclusionThecontinuedsuccessoftheCWIXisbasedonthestrongrelationshipbetweentheJFTCACTandtheNCIAgency.WithinthisrelationshiptheJFTCcontinuestomaintaintechnologicalcompetencebyfederatingandjoiningtwoseparatenetworksthisyearandthedevelopmentofthecloudinfrastructure.AstheJFTChasbeendesignatedasthefuturemainexecutionsitefortheCWIXfortheupcomingyearsitiscriticalthatitcon-tinuestogrowandexpanditstechnologicalparticipationwithinheexercise.ThetwomajortechnologicalchallengesprovedtobeasuccessandpositionstheJFTCtoprovideabaselinetechnicalcapabilityforfuturetraining. 10TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013July2013sawthearrivalofsome350soldiersandciviliansapproximately130TrainingAudienceandmorethan200externalExerciseControlstafffromaround20NATOandPartnershipforPeaceNationsattheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCBydgoszczPoland.ThearrivalmarkedthelaststageinthepreparationofHeadquartersRegionalCommandNorthRCNaheadoftakingovertheresponsibilityinAfghanistan.Duringthiskeyelementoftheforceprepa-rationtheJFTCwereabletoteachmen-toranddeveloptheHQinordertoaidRCNstafffulfiltheirmissioneffectively.ThefutureChiefofStaffBrigadierGeneralMarkusLaubenthalGermanArmygaveclearguidanceastothepurposeofthistrainingtoconductMissionSpecificTrainingMSTinordertounderstandthecurrentoper-ationalfocusbutalsotolearnhowtobuilteffectiveteamscapableofsupportingtheCommanderinthedecisionmakingprocess.ImportantlythisphaseenabledmembersofRCNHQtomeettheirfutureintheatrepart-nersandrehearseprocessesandprocedurescommontothemissionwhilstdeployed.TheRCNtrainingiscompiledtomeettheneedsoftheCommanderandhisHQstaff.ThreeelementsmadeupthepackageMissionSpecificTrainingMSTBattleStaffTrainingBSTandtheMissionRehearsalExerciseMRE.InlaymanstermstheprogramconsistedofacademiclecturesstaffexercisesbasedonpracticalworkingsituationsandacomputerassistedMissionRehearsalExercisetointroducecomplexityandfriction.ThroughouttheparticipantsweresupportedbySubjectMatterExpertsCIStechniciansRealLifeSupportandalsorep-resentativesoftheAfghanNationalSecurityForcesallcontributingexperienceknowl-edgeandassistancetotheTrainingAudience.ARealisticandRelevantScenarioForeachRCNtrainingeventtheJFTCstaffconductadetailedin-theatrereconnaissancetoinformtheirplanningandpreparationcycle.2013providednewchal-1-18July2013LTCAlainJuliaJFTCTrainingDivisionStaffOfficerISAFRegionalCommandNorthTrainingBydgoszcz TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201311lengeswithinthecontextofhugeoperationalchangesintheRCN.TheJFTCpreparedincooperationwiththeBundeswehrJointForcesOperationsCommandBwJFOCOMascenariothatwoulddevelopthetrainingaudiencewhilstensuringchallengeandoper-ationalfrictionwithintheHQ.ItshouldbenotedthatwhilsttheexerciseseekstoapplyacertaindegreeofpressuretheCommandandHQarenotassessedperse.OnthecontrarythescenariofocusedonensuringtheRCNHQunderstoodthemissioncurrentandfutureISAFoperationsandbuilttherequiredlevelofconfidencetomasterSOPsanddevelopSituationalAwareness.Importantlyaqualityproductisbuiltonthetheatrerecon-naissanceconductedbytheexerciseCorePlanningTeamCPTandtheISAFDataCapturewhichisdonebytheITspecialistsfromtheJFTCTrainingSupportDivision.ThetheatrevisitalsoprovidedthestaffwithadetailedpictureoftheCommanderscurrentissuesconcernsandpriorities.RCN1302trainingfocusedonapar-ticularlybusyanddemandingperiodfortheHQasadatacapture.Theperiod28Mar05Apr2013waschosenasthefoundationtothescenariousingaselectionofopera-tionsasthebuildingblocksforthewiderscenario.Additionallyin-theatreconcernsandconstraintsweredevelopedandusedastopicswithinroundtablediscussionsandtheacademicpartofthetraining.ThevisitfurtherdevelopedkeyrelationshipswithrepresentativesfromtheNGOsandIOsandenabledrecommendationsandinstitutionalexperiencetobeimplementedwithinthewidernotionofComprehensiveApproach.Acontinueddriveforscenarioreal-ismandrelevancereliesonSubjectMatterExpertsSMEs.SMEsweremadeavailablebythenationsparticipatinginthetrainingorinsomecasessentbytheirrespectiveNATOcommands.AdditionallySMEsrep-resentingIOsandNGOstermedWhiteCelltravelfromAfghanistantoaddgenu-ineflavortothevignettespaneldiscus-sionsandrole-playelementsoftheexer-cise.TheSMEsattendedanearlyScriptingConferencetoassistinthedevelopmentandcraftingofexerciseinjectsandstorylines.AdditionallyasRCNcontinuestomovethroughtransitiontowardsacom-pletehand-overthescenariosneededtofocusnotonoperationsintheroundbutSupporttoOperations.ThisvitalnotionofsupportingrequiredparticipationfromtheAfghanNationalSecurityForcesANSFmembers.Representationconsistedofsol-diersandpolicemenservingintheunitsorcommandslocatedintheRCNAreaofOperationsAOO.Thisprovedhighlysuc-cessfulontheexerciseandensuredthatthecomplexitiesofworkingwithOperationalCo-ordinationCentersOCCDistrictandProvincialauthoritiesandtotheANSFChainofCommandCoCwasrealized.ExerciseParametersLinesofOperationThereconnaissancevisitnotedtheCommandersprioritiesasElectionprepara-tionandRedeployment.Thesetwoprioritiesprovidedabaselineforallsubsequentplan-ning.AlltopicsandsituationsexercisedduringtheBSTMREphasesofthetrain-ingaimedatwhatcouldbeshortenedtoSupporttotheANSF.CiviliancasualtiesNon-KineticOperationsCIEDSecurityandGovernancePersonnelRecoverySpecialoperationforcesISAFStrategyRCNOperationsandMilitaryCoordinationwereallstillinjectedbutthreeLinesofOperationLOOlinkedtheCommandersprioritiestoworkablescenarios.TheseLOOswerenamelySecurityaVVIPVisitGovernanceDevelopmentElectionsMeetingandRedeploymentandForcePostureANSF 12TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Operation.Allthesethemesweretoacer-tainextentlinkedtoISAFsteppingbackandANSFtakingthelead.TermssuchasIn-ExtremissupportusedtoexpresstheonefootonthegroundconceptofISAFredeploymentyetwitharetainedabilitytoreactinanexpeditionaryfashion.AsolidgraspandappreciationofSupporttoOperationsandnotISAFopera-tionsneededtobeemphasizedtotheTA.AsaresultofamorepassiveandlesskineticstancetheTAnoticedanincreasedempha-sisontheinvolvementofNGOsandIOsandtheroleoftheWhiteCell.WithouttheactivecontributionofthepractitionersequippedwiththefirstlineexperiencefromtheworkwithlocalpopulationandlocalauthoritiesinAfghanistantheTAwouldhavereceivedalessthancompletepictureofthecurrentandfutureISAFpicture.Insum15daysofintensivepreparationfourdaysofBSTfourdaysofMRE27VTCs16lectures11RoundtableDiscussionsMediaTrainingandothertrainingactivitieshelpedtocreateatrainingvenueideallysuitedtotheneedsofthetrainingaudience.Checkthesefiguresfrompreviousexercise.MissionOrientedTrainingTheRCNTE13-02wasconsideredasoneofthemostsuccessfulRCleveleventstohavebeenconductedattheJFTC.OneofthekeyelementsofthissuccesswastheKeyLeaderKLvisitwhichtookplaceinJun13.TheoverallaimoftheKLTwastomakethemfamiliarwiththeISAFmis-sionfuturetasksandresponsibilitiesoftheRCNandexpectationsoftheISAFIJCHQs.TheKLTprovidedthebackgroundtotheCommandTeamandenabledthenewHQstructuretobeviewedinpersonanddescribedin-theatre.AdditionallyvisitpresentationscoveredCampaignDesignStrategicRisksAssessmentGovernanceandDevelopmentISAFMissionOverviewANSFSituationalAwarenessElectionsup-portandRedeployment.EquippedwiththislevelofknowledgeHQKeyleadersarrivedattheRCN1302trainingarmedwithhigherlevelsofconfidencewerecomfortablewithinthenewHQlayoutandmadebetteruseofthepresenceoftheANSFmembersandSMEs.MissionRehearsalExerciseOncompletionofacademicswalk-throughtalk-throughvignettesandacom-prehensivereviewofSOPsandin-theatrepracticestheTAmovedintothepracticalscenariobasedtraining.Thisphaseoftrain-ingallowedtheHQtobeconstructedincellsandforLOCONEXCONSIDECONele-mentstoinjectserialsandinformationtotestthePlanningandDecisionMakingCycle.UnsurprisinglythisphaseofthetrainingcreatedTraditionallythetrainingcreatedaperfectopportunityfordifferentcommandersandofficersresponsiblefortrainingtovisittheJFTCandtogetacloserlookatthetrain-ingprocess.ThisgavevisitorstheopportunitytovisualisetheoverallprogresstraineeshadmadefromthecrawlphaseatthestartingpointtotheabilitytorunintheMissionRehearsalExercise.ThefollowingvisitorswereshownaroundthetrainingeventInconsideringtheCommandersprioritiestheMREmadeuseofanimbeddedMediaCelltotestandtraintheHQstaffinallaspectsofmediamessaging.Thisadditionalmediadynamicraisedcurrentin-theatreissuesthathavereachedtheGermanpressalcoholcon-sumptionintheatreCIVCASsupporttotheANSFCIMICprojectsallplayingtheirpart.ConstantlysearchingforimprovementandadaptationtheJFTChasdemonstrateditscapacitytoorganizethisexercisewhichwasfarlesskineticandfarmoreaboutcomprehensiveapproach.ThiswasaworldclasstrainingtailoredforthemissionwhichgavethenextHQRCNallcapabilitiestohelpitscommanderinhisdecisionmakingprocess. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201313Useofexperienceskillsandexper-tisegainedafterAfghanistanintrainingforNATOCommandStructureandNATOResponseForcesthisisthefutureoftheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCafter2014.On17April2013GeneralJean-PaulPalomrostheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationSACTvisitedtheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentreforthefirsttimeafterhehadassumedtheposition.HeassessedtheJFTCsworkandmarkeddirec-tionsforitsfuturetasksanddevelopment.IamverypleasedtobehereinBydgoszcztodaytovisitoneofAlliedCommandTransformationsmostimportantcommandswhichprovidesaveryvalu-ablecontributiontoNATOtransforma-tionandespeciallypreparesourforcesforAfghanistansaidGeneralPalomrosandexpressedhisfullsupporttothecentreanditsmission.TheJFTCCommanderMajorGeneralMackoandthewholestaffaredoingawonderfuljob.Theyarereallycom-mittedtotheirmissionthatfocusesontrain-ingpeoplehelpingthemsupportingthembeforetheirfuturemissions.Trainingatthehighestpossiblelevelweareprepar-ingforsuccessoftomorrowheunder-linedduringameetingwithlocaljournalists.ThesewerenotjustsimplecourtesywordsasbeforethemeetingwiththemediaGeneralPalomroshadhadapossibilitytoobserveboththecentresstaffandtrainingparticipantsworkinghandinhandintheculminatingphaseofaMissionRehearsalExercisesummarizingthefirst2013train-ingforabovebattalionlevelISAFadvisoryteams.DiscussionswithmembersoffutureadvisoryteamsandwiththeExerciseControlstaffincludingrepresentativesoftheAfghanNationalSecurityForcesANSFprovidedtheSACTwithacompletepictureofhowtheJFTCtrainingeventsworkinpracticeandwhatvaluetheyhavefortrainees.TheSACTlearnedmorealsoaboutthecen-treslinksandcooperationwithCentresofExcellenceCoEs.HerecognizedtheproperuseoftheCoEsknowledgeandexpertiseduringtheexercisesconductedinBydgoszcz.ThecurrentmaineffortoftheJFTCsworkiscomingtoanendasNATOplanstowithdrawitsforcesfromAfghanistanin2014.Thusoneofthemostimportanttop-icsraisedduringtheSACTsvisitwastheNewBeginningfortheJFTCTheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformationabouttheCentresFutureTasksRadosawaKubiczekJFTCPublicAffairsSpecialist 14TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013futureoftheJFTC.ForthiscentreitisnottheendbutratherthebeginningGeneralPalomrossaidandaddedTheJFTCplanfor2013fullyincorporatesanddemonstratesthecomplexityandtheimportanceoftrain-ingforthefutureoftheAlliance.Thisplanisperfectlyinlinewithmyprioritiesasitfocusesonconductingpre-deploymenttrain-ingforcurrentoperationswhileatthesametimealsotrainingtheNATOCommandandForcesstructures.WehavetobuildupontheskillsandexperiencewehavetodayafterAfghanistanLibyaevenBalkanstoreinforceNATOandPartnerForcesinteroperability.TogetherwiththeJFTCCommander TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201315theSACTdiscussedplansoffuturetrain-ingforNATOComponentCommands.TheJFTChasalreadyestablishedgoodcon-nectionswiththenewlylaunchedNATOLandCommandHeadquartersinIzmir.ToachieveacompletejointnessofNATOforcestheJFTCneedstolinkitstrainingeffortsalsowiththeNATOAirCommandandMaritimeCommandHeadquarters.TheSACTputemphasisontheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentresengage-mentintheConnectedForcesInitiativeCFI.Inaddressingthepresentandprepar-ingthefutureallyourworkrunsthroughouttheentireportfoliooftheConnectedForcesInitiativeEducation-Training-Exercises-Technologywiththeultimategoalofenhanc-ingtheAlliancesreadinessandinteroper-ability.YouaretrulyattheforefrontandyourdedicationiscrucialtomaintainingthecredibilityoftheAlliance.PointingouttheJFTCsinvolvementintheCrystalEagle2013whichwasthisyearsbiggesttrainingoftheMultinationalCorpsNortheasttheSACTaddedCFIisexactlywhatyoudohere.YouinventedtheCFIbeforeitwasnamed.HoweverthesupportforAfghansecuritywillnotbedrawnbacktogetherwithNATOforceswithdrawalfromthecountry.GeneralPalomerosemphasizedthatthereassessmentandrefinementprocessoftheAlliancesstrategyforAfghanistanwastakingplaceandmarkedthatJFTCwouldcontinuetobeontherisetoprovidetrainingsupportandcoordinationoncetheoperationalconstructisdetermined.HealsoaddedThereislittledoubtthattheimple-mentationoftheplanforpost2014train-inginAfghanistanwillbeverydemanding.Buttogetherwewillmeetthechallenge.ForthelastthreeyearstheJFTChasbeenahomefortheCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExercise.Notonlydidthecentrehosttheeventbutitalsotookanactivepartintheprojectbycontributingtothescenariodevelopmentandtheexperi-mentexecution.Allthesetrainingactivi-tiesareextremelyimportantandpowerfultoolsfortransformationsaidGeneralPalomeros.Healsohighlightedthecriti-calimportanceofsimulationwhichisalsoanintegralpartoftrainingprovidedbytheJFTC.Simulationpresentsnewandexten-siveopportunitiesandperspectivesfortrain-ingandwemustcontinuetopushforwardtheseinnovativepracticeswithanemphasisonbeingconstantlyalerttoadaptingtrain-ingtotherealneedsofournationsforces.DuringtheallhandsmeetingwiththeJFTCstafftheSACTencouragedthecentrememberstocontinuetheireffortsinsupportofNATOmissionandsaidYouarenotaloneyoucanrelyonyourmothershipACT.HealsostressedthatthetimewasnottheeasiestforNATObutthewholeAlliancewasawarethattrainingremainedessentialtokeepitsmilitaryeffectiveness.Toillus-tratetheimportanceoftrainingtheSACTconcludedhisspeechwithaChinesesayingTellmeandIwillforgetshowmeandImayrememberinvolvemeandIwillunderstand.BeforetheendofhisvisitGeneralPalomrosexpressedhisdeepappreciationforenormoussupporttheJFTCreceivedfromPolandaswellasfromthecommunityofBydgoszcz.IwouldliketothankthePolishauthoritiesfortheirstrongcommit-menttotheJFTCandACT.PolandhasbeeninstrumentalinhelpingJFTCtobecomeestablishedandtoplayafullroleinNATOsphysicalfootprintacrosstheAlliance.Iamalsoverypleasedtoseehowourpeopleherearesupportedandwelcome.ThisisaveryfriendlycommunityandtheJFTCmembersfeelhereinBydgoszczathomesaidGeneralPalomeros. 16TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013SeveralmonthsagotheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTChostedtheJJJMeeting.Asthenameimpliesthepar-ticipantsofthemeetingsweretheThreeJstheJointAnalysisandLessonsLearnedCentreJALLCJointWarfareCentreJWCandtheJFTC.MorespecificallytheCommandersofthethreeCentrescametogethertodiscussanumberoftopicsinclud-ingdefiningandprovidingmorefidelityintherolesandresponsibilitiesofeachCentreutilizingtheCentresandtheirpersonnelinawaythatmaximizescapabilityandcapacityespeciallyinthecurrentresourceconstrainedenvironmentandhowwhentheCentrescometogethertheyarestron-geriftheypresentaunifiedmessageandacommonfrontsomethingthatnotonlyappliestotheJJJsbutalsotousattheJFTC.Thelastconceptbeingstrongerasateamthanactingindividuallyisbroadlydefinedasunityofeffort.Therearemanydefinitionsofunityofeffortbothinthemili-taryandnon-militaryparlance.AmilitarydefinitionofunityofeffortisThestateofharmonizingeffortsamongmultipleorgani-zationsworkingtowardsasimilarobjectiveLawrenceScott.JointC2ThroughUnityofCommand.JointForcesQuarterlyAutumnWinter1994-95p.107.Thisideawasbroughtupduringtheopeningremarksofthemeetingandfromthatmomentfor-wardthediscussionswereorientedtowardscooperationcollaborationandcoordina-tioninordertoachieveunityofeffort.AsmentionedearlieroneofthemanytopicsdiscussedduringtheJJJMeetingwasfurtherdefiningandrefiningeachCentresrolesandresponsibilitiesinrelationtotheothers.GenerallyspeakingtheJWCfocus-esonoperationalleveltrainingtheJFTContacticalleveltrainingandtheJALLCfocusesonthelessonslearnedprocessandanalyzeshowexperimentationcanbeuti-lizedduringtheexercisedevelopmentandexecution.EventhougheachCentreseemstohaveanicheoraveryspecificroleinrelationtotheothertherearecertainareasJJJPresentingaUnifiedFrontMAJAndrewGabrielskiJFTCInfoOpsSubjectMatterExpert TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201317wherethereisslightoverlaponthetypeofworkbeingdoneevenifitisatdif-ferentlevelsoperationalversustactical.ThisoverlaporduplicationofeffortmustbeminimizedinordertoachieveunityofeffortacrosstheThreeJs.ItmayseemeasytodothislocallyateachCentrebuttakeninthelargerscopeandcontextacrosseachoftheThreeJsitisabiggermuchmoredifficulttask.ThisiswhytheJJJMeetingsareimportantanditisalsowhyoneoftheoutcomesofthemostrecentJJJMeetingwastocarryonthecollaborativenatureofthemeetinginamonthlyVTC.ThiswayeachCommandercancoordinatewiththeothersontopicsincludingpointsofactionmilestonesandwaysaheadonactivitiesineachCentreaswellaspersonnelalloca-tioninordertominimizeduplicationofeffortandcapitalizeonthestrengthofeachlocationleadingtowardsunityofeffort.ThesepointsandideasthatwerebeingdiscussedataveryhighlevelduringtheJJJMeetingarenotonlyapplicabletotheJWCJFTCandJALLCasindividualCentresbutalsotousasindividualsthatmakeuptheJFTCasawhole.Ifwelookbacktothedefinitionofunityofeffortwecanbreakitdowntotheindividuallevelandsaythatunityofeffortisharmonizingeffortsamongmultipleindividualsworkingtowardsasimi-larobjectiveinthiscasethesuccessoftheJFTC.TheJFTChasundergonemultiplesomemaysaycontinuoustransformationinitshistory.DuringthistimemembersoftheJFTChavecontinuouslysynchronizedandharmonizedtheireffortsinordertoprojectandpropeltheJFTCforwardtowardsacommonobjectivetheCentressuccess.TheJFTCscontinuedsuccessisdependentoncarryingthemessagesthemesandhardworkthathasalreadybeendonetodatethroughthesummertransitionsuccessfullyanotherparal-lelmessagethatwasdiscussedbytheCommandersofeachCentrebutonethatappliestousasindividualsaswelltotheJFTC.ManagingthesummerpersonneltransitionisessentialsothatoncethenewcomershavearrivedandaresettledintotheirnewrolesandresponsibilitiestheJFTCcanexecuteasifnochangeofper-sonnelhasevenhappened.Thisisthecon-tinualchallengeineveryorganizationtomaintainacorporateknowledgebaseandcontinuetoprogressandgrowwhilesimul-taneouslyundergoingconstantchange.Dedicatedpersonnelwhostrivetoachieveunityofeffortdrivetheorganizationfor-wardsuccessfullyandtheJFTChasthem.TheJJJMeetingwasavaluablevenuefortheCommanderstocometogetherdis-cussimportantissuesreachacommonunderstandingandplanforthefuture.ManyofthediscussionsarenotonlyapplicabletotheJJJsasawholebutalsotoindividualshereattheJFTC.Atalllevelsitisimpor-tantandessentialtoachieveunityofeffortinordertoachievethecommonobjective. 18TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013The8thNATOComputerAssistedExerciseNATOCAXForum2013tookplaceinRomeItalyfrom29Septemberto3October2013.ItwasorganizedbytheNATOModellingSimulationCentreofExcellenceNATOMSCOE.TheCAXForumisthemainCAXrelatedeventheldannuallyandwasattendedbyapproxi-mately250participantsfrommorethan50NATOPfPICIMediterraneanDialogueandContactnationsandorganizations.Thefocusofthe8thforumwasontechnicalitemsandoperationalproceduresrelatedtosimulationbasedexercisesandtrainingsupportinordertopromotetheexchangeofinformationandbestpracticesamongthestaffsofNATOandnationalsimulationandtrainingcentres.SpecialfocuswasdedicatedtoConnectedForcesInitiativeCFIandtoNATOusedmod-elssuchasJTLSJCATSandVBS2.TheforumprovidestheJFTCaperfectplatformtoinformnationsandoriginationsonthepurposeandthepossibilitiesofthecen-treanditsfunctionwithintheNATOtrainingandexercisearena.AdditionallytheJFTCsfutureroleconcerningNATOResponseForceNRFtrainingandtheCFIimple-mentationwasaddressedbytheCentresCommanderMajorGeneralPavelMackoinhisspeechasakeynotespeakeronthetopicJFTCASPOTENTIALGATEWAYFORCFIIMPLEMENTATIONCAXForumLTCWolfhardSchmidtHeadoftheJFTCWargamingBranch TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201319TheJointForceTrainingCentreinBydgoszczJFTCPolandistheNATOsprimejointtacticalleveltraininginstitutionwhichwillplayimportantroleinimple-mentingthenewestAlliedInitiativetheConnectedForcesInitiative.HereIwillfocusonbroaderimplicationsoftherecentNATOinitiativesandavailableITandCAXtechnologyforNATOcollectivetrainingandapotentialrolefortheJFTCwithinit.DecadeofTransformationJFTCwillsooncelebrate10thanni-versaryofitsactivation.IthasbeenadecadeofsignificantgrowthofourcapabilitiescapacitiesandtrainingoutputfortheAlliancefromscratch.Centerslifeexperiencematch-eswithaverychallengingdecadefortheAllianceasawhole.NATOhasexperi-enceditshighesteverengagementoutofareaduringthesametime.OuroperationalengagementsinBalkansandparticularlyinAfghanistanhavebroughtusmuchcloserandwehavereachedunprecedentedlevelofcooperationandintegrationonalllevelsfromstrategicleveldowntothesmallesttacticalunit.Ithasbeentrulytransforma-tionaldecadefortheNATOandournationalforces.WecanseetheAlliancemoreexpe-riencedinteroperableandmorepartnershiporientedthanever.Ontheotherhandwehavesufferedsignificantbudgetcutsdeep-eningdisproportionsofdefenseexpensesbothacrosstheAllianceandinsideparticularcountries.Wehavenotprogressedmuchwithsomeofthekeycapabilityshortcomings.WhiletherequirementsformaintainingofAlliedcapabilitiesforfullspectrumresponseremainuntouchedthenatureandcomplexityofsecuritythreatsisdynamicallychanging.Thethreatsarelessvisibleandmorenet-workedwhichcallsforfullsetofnewcapa-bilitiesfortheAllianceandpossiblyitsmorenetworkedreactiontogetherwithpartners.ThesewerewidelyaddressedinournewStrategicConceptandcommitmentsfromLisbonandChicagoSummits.SmartDefenseInitiativeanditscomplementaryConnectedForcesInitiativerepresentmainareasofeffortandatthesametimewayshowtomaintainourstillrelevantpres-entcapabilitiesandacquirethenewoneshowtoacquirerobusttrainedandmis-sionreadyNATOForces2020.WhileSmartDefenseisaboutacquiringandmaintain-ingtheneededcapabilitiestheCFIfocus-esonmakingthemmoreinteroperable1.Aswewinddownourmajoropera-tionalcommitmentsinISAFandprepareforadifferentformofourengagementinAfghanistanwehavetopreservesignifi-cantmomentumintermsofcooperationandinteroperabilitywegained.Intheabsenceofmajoroperationalcommitmentanintensi-fiededucationtrainingandexercisingistheonlypracticalwayforNATOtoacquireandfurtherbolsterthenewcapabilitiesforbeingmoreflexibledeployableandadaptedtodefenditsownterritoryfromanythreataswellastocopewiththeemergingsecuritythreatswhicharemorefunctionalinnaturethangeographicalorpurelymilitaryones.Atthesametimewehavetoregainourfullabilitytoconducthighintensityjointcombatoperationstheabilitywhichsufferedsomeattritioninrecentyearsduetoprolongedfocusonlargescalestabilityoperations.ThisisthereasonwhytheConnectedForcesInitiativeissoimportantnotonlypoliticallyandstrategicallybutalsoinpracticalterms.Interoperability-ObjectiveofCFIIfwelookcloselyatthethreemainareasofeffortwithintheConnectedForcesInitiativetheyallhaveinteroperabilityasacentralobjectiveandfocus.Inthepost-ISAFerawewillhavetopreservethegainsandfurtherexpandthisinteroperability.Wecannotexpectsignificantgrowthoftrainingandoveralldefensebudgetsinaforeseeablefuture.Manyofournationshavenoambitionandevennocapabilitiestoactunilaterallyinlargerscaleanymore.Thusactingasapartofabroadercoalitionisnotanoptionbutadefaultsetupforthefutureuseofourarmedforces.Ourabilitytoquicklyassem-bleorregroupandacteffectivelytogetherincombinedformations-inotherwordsinteroperabilityisanabsoluteparamount.GiventhespectrumofcapabilityJFTCasPotentialGatewayforCFIImplementationMajorGeneralPavelMackoJFTCCommander 20TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013requirementscomplexityofpotentialthreatsandrequiredhighreadinessofNATOForces2020wecannotaffordgrowingthisinterop-erabilityaswediduntilnow.Theoldpara-digmofachievingtheinteroperabilityofonlyselectedpersonnelformationsandheadquartersassomethingadditionaltoalreadyfullydevel-opedandcapablesetofnationalforcesandheadquartershastobechanged.InprinciplewehavetwomainoptionshowtoapproachCFIimplementation.ManysuggestthatwecanuselimitedeffortapproachandfocusonNATOCommandStructureandNATOForceStructureheadquartersonlyandintensifytheirtraininginordertofacilitatethegrowingroleofGraduatedReadinessForcesheadquartersformeetingstatedNATOslevelofambitionandalltherestleavetonationalinstitutionshopingtofindeachotheratsomecommonmeetingpoint.TheotheroptionistotrytocoordinateandsynergizeNATO-ledheadquarterstrainingandnationalforcestraining.IfwereallywanttoachieveourgoalsforNATOForces2020withinknownconditionsandconstrainsweshouldaccepttheapproachthatNATOForces2020havetobeborninteroperableinsteadofmadeinteroperableafterwards.IfweacceptthisapproachasthestartingconditionthenitwouldbecomeatruegamechangerandhaveprofoundimplicationsonthewayweimplementtheCFI.Itwouldguaranteethatthisinitiativewillnotturnintoonetimecam-paignbutitwillbecomeforusawayoflife.AsalreadyhighlightedtheCFIisallaboutinteroperability.Thecoreoftheeffortandultimateobjectiveistoachieveoper-ationalinteroperabilityandhigherlevelofreadinessoftheNATOCommandStructureandNATOForceStructurehead-quartersononesideandNATOforcesontheothersidethroughintensifiedtrainingandexercises.Abilitytoparticipateincom-binedoperationsshouldbeanorganicpartofnationaltrainingoftheforces.Combinedjointintegratedmultilevelexercisesinclud-ingLIVEXpartbringingtogetherthehead-quartersandforcesshouldrepresentregularculminatingeventforachievingultimateoperationalinteroperabilitywhichwillmakesurethatourChiefsandIndiansarewelltrainedandcomingfromthesametribe.Enhancededucationandtrainingshouldfacilitateachievingofmentalanddoctrinalinteroperabilityasakeyprereq-uisiteforreachingtheoperationalinteroper-ability.OurseniorleadersofficersandallpersonnelshouldbetrainedasNATOper-sonnelreadytoplugintocoalitioneffortthroughoutthewholecareerdevelopment.Thiswillrequiremuchcloserharmoniza-tionandstandardizationofoureducationalandtrainingsystemsandprograms.Nationalinstitutionsshouldeducateandtrainallper-sonnelfromthebeginningoftheirprofes-sionalgrowthtobeabletointegrateandactasapartoftheAlliedeffortandatthesametimepreserveallaspectsofnationalinterestsaswellascitizenshipandpatriotismbuilding.Betteruseoftechnologyshouldaimatachievingtechnicalinteroperabilityandinterconnectivityasakeyenablerandforcemultiplier.IfNATOForces2020shouldbeborninteroperabletheirequipmenthastofittogetherandbemoreinterchangeableandcross-supportabletheirC2C4I2Ssystemshavetotalktoeachotherandtheirhead-quartersshouldbeinterconnected.WhilefortheoperationaldeploymentasustainableconceptoftheFutureMissionNetworkbuildonexperiencesfromtheAfghanMissionNetworkisawaytoachievefastconnectiv-ityofourforcesandheadquartersasimilarapproachshouldbeadoptedforthetrainingsupport.OurnationaltrainingsupporttoolssystemsandtrainingcentersaswellastheNATOonesshouldbefurtherharmonizedandmorepermanentlyconnectedtogetherinordertofacilitatecloseraffiliationsbetweenheadquartersandforceswhichwillallowmorecombinedandjointintegratedtraining.Weshouldmovefromisolatedstove-pipedsystemsandapplicationstowardsmoreflex-iblemodularsystemsandsolutions.ThisishappeningalreadynowandtheNATOCAXForumITECandothersimilareventsplayimportantroleinthiseffort.OurkeytrainingfacilitiesshouldbepermanentlyconnectedintoaNATOTrainingNetworkorFederationwhereitisreasonableandefficient.Inadditionmobiletoolsforpro-jectionsofourtrainingcapabilitiesandsup-porttoremotelocationswhereverneededshouldbeacquiredandfieldedaswell.CFIImplementationPossibleJFTCGatewayRoleAlthoughdiscussionandcoordina-tionofplanningforCFIimplementationisrightnowledbyACTanditsinstitutionstheimplementationitselfmustbecollectiveeffortofallofus-NATOinstitutionsandheadquartersaswellasallmembersofNATOandtheirheadquartersandinstitutions.Itwillbeourmajorchallengeandatthesametimethebiggestopportunitywhichoffersenoughrolestoplayandroomformuchclosercol-laborationforallofuswithoutattemptingtodominateit.Ourachievementsshouldnotbemeasuredbyhowmuchwehaveworkedorstatisticallydonebutbyhowmuchofrealinteroperabilitywehaveactuallydelivered.Ibelievewedontneedamajorchangeofcommonfundingprinciplesnorshouldwetrytodecreasetherolesandresponsibilitiesofnationsandtheirinstitutionsandsubsti-tutethemwiththeNATOones.Wedontneedtobuildmanynewcapacitiesandpos-siblyduplicateoureffort.InsteadweshouldspendfewpossibleCFIadditionsonbothsidesNATOandnationstoimproveandenhancethoseinstitutionsandcapabilitieswherewearealreadythebestandacquireonlythosenewcapabilitieswhichfilliden-tifiedgapsornewrequirementsandbet-terharmonizeandconnectthemtogether.AnapproachtoCFIimplementationasIhavejustdescribedwasthestartingpointfortheJFTCinourconsiderationsofourpotentialfutureroleinCFI.Iamcon-vincedthatastheNATOsonlyjointtacticalleveltrainingcenterwithkeyfocusonthelevelsbetweenNATOCommandStructureHeadquartersandnationalforcestheJFTCcannaturallyplaythegatewayroleforachievingtheoperationalinteroperabil-ityandprovideanaccesspointtoNATOsupporttonationsandtheirarmedforces.WedontseethisroleasacentraldominantbodywhichdirectsthiseffortbutratherasfacilitatorofthediscussionandinstitutionfosteringcollaborationamongNATOandnationalinstitutionsandprovidingaccesstothoseNATOtollsandsystemswhichsomenationsdonotpossesandacquisitionofthemwouldnotbereasonable.Asthetrain-ingcentrewefocusonthoseareaswherewecandelivertangiblepracticalresults.Ourprimaryeffortwillbededicatedtosupport-ingoperationalinteroperabilitybyprovidingrobusttrainingsupportandcontributingtoexperimentationanddevelopmentoftrain-ingandexercisesupporttoolsandsystems.JFTChasbeenveryactiveinintroduc-ingpromotingandimplementingintercon- TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201321necteddistributedtrainingsupportbythecombinedtrainingteamsinclosecooperationwithourUSpartnersevenbeforetheCFIwasintroduced.RecentlycombinedeffortofJWCJFTCUSJCWandUSMCTPFt.LeavenworthallowedustorunthecombineddistributedISAFpre-deploymentexerciseswithatrainingaudienceof5to7thousandstaffmembersfeaturingfourlevelsofcom-mandandspanningvariouslocationsovertwocontinents.Wegainedtheexperienceandexpertisewhichwillallowustoorga-nizemultileveldistributedexercisesforthefuture.InsuchexercisesJFTCwillhostjointtacticallevelheadquartersandlinkthemtojointoperationallevelsupportedbyJWCandalsoallowtoplug-infornationalforceswhichcouldtraineitherfromtheirnationaltrainingcentersorfieldlocations.Thiscon-structofexercisewouldbeaculminatingpointforoperationalinteroperabilityandwouldassumethatwelinktogetherNATO-ledandnationalexercisessynchronizeandharmonizethemforgainingmaximumsyner-gy.ItwillrequirelongtermcooperationandcombinedeffortofNATOandnationaltrain-ersaswellasrobustinterconnectivityandtechnicalsupportAISandCAXoftraining.TheuniqueexpertiseofCentersofExcellencecouldbeintegratedandoperationalizedtosuchexercisethroughJFTCandJWCentrypointoreventthroughthenationalfacilities.WealreadystartedtoimplementthiskindofsupportbeyondtheISAFmission.ExerciseslikePUMA12ofPolishSOFCommandinitsroleofNATOMultinationalSOCCortrainingsupporttoMNCNEseriesofCrystalEagleexercisesthisyeararegoodexamplesofthisapproach.InthenearfuturewewillsupportLCHQIzmironitsroadtoFOCandsomeofGRFCorpsHQsandpossiblybrigadeswillbeintegratedintoit.NeedforNATOCAXPlatformIntegratedmultilevelexercisesrequirenotonlyphysicalconnectivityandinteroper-abilityofC2andvariousfunctionalsystemsbutalsointeroperabilityofvariousCAXsys-temsandexercisecontrolsupportingtools.Thisisanotherareawherewewillplayaveryactiverole.Asamosturgentcur-renttaskinfrontofJWCandJFTCistoovercomesomewhatuncertainfutureofourcurrentkeyCAXsystemsJTLSandJCATSandmakesurethatwecanfullyusethemfortheNATOtrainingneedsbeforewecol-lectivelydeliveranewsetofNATOCAXsystems.InadditioncollectivelyNATOandnationsneedtodefinetherequirementsfornewCAXsystemswhichmustbemodu-larandflexibleallowingbuildingareal-isticsyntheticenvironmentandcombiningitinatransparentmannerwithfeedsfromlivesystemswhichsupportsintegrationofvariouslevelsofcommandandtraininginafashionwhereheadquartersandforcestrainastheyfight.Thisincludestheabil-itytostimulatetheNATOFASthatwillpresentcommandersandtheirstaffswitharealisticandbelievabletrainingenvironment.JFTChasbeennominatedtheroleofNATOLiveVirtualConstructiveSimulationsHub.Wehavealreadyconductedseriesofexperimentsandalreadyusedvarioustoolswehaveatourdisposalinsupportofrealtrainingevents.Howeverthisisjustabegin-ningandmorewillhavetobedonetofullyexploitcurrentlyavailablesystems.InordertodeliveronthepromisedJFTCgatewayrolewealreadystarteddevelopmentandimple-mentationofthepracticaltoolsallowingdis-tributedtrainingandprojectionofourcapa-bilitiestoaremotetrainingaudience.JFTCalreadyhasatitsdisposalmobilecapabilitywecallCFBLNetonWheelsandCAXonWheelsandwehavetestedanduseditinsupportofthepreviouslymentionedexercis-es.Thesetoolsandtheirbroaderusecanfur-thermaturewithcooperationandassistanceofallotherNATOandnationalpartners.LastbutnotleastIwouldliketomentionCWIXCoalitionWarriorInteroperabilityExplorationExperimentationExercise.JFTCastheHostofthislargeinteroperabilitytestingofC4I2Susedthisopportunityandtriedtooperational-izeitwithoperationalscenariossetupaswellaswithourownexperimentationinordertoimproveexercisesupporttools.IwouldliketohighlighttheinclusionofModelingandSimulationintoupcomingCWIX2014offersauniqueopportunitytoexpandtestingandbringingmoreoperationalrelevancetothisexercise.Iwouldliketoencourageallpartnerstousethisopportu-nityandparticipateinthiseventeitherinBydgoszczorfromtheirhomelocations.TheJFTCanditspersonnelarereallylookingforwardtothefollowondiscussionscooperationnetworkbuildingandcontribu-tiontosoundresultsfortheAllianceanditsnationsinimplementationoftheConnectedForcesInitiative.1M.MizeraP.MackoPolicyPapersNATOForces2020RoleofConnectedForcesInitiativeCenterforEuropeanandNorthAtlanticAffairsBratislava15.06.2013httpcenaa.orgwp-contentuploads201306PP-6-2013-NATO-Forces-2020-Role-of-connected-forces-initiative.pdf 22TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013PartITheContextwasbasedonacompilationofnotesfromtwoyearsoftutorialsandresearchonterrorismandwascollatedascontextforanon-goingpieceoffieldworkintoquantifyingthenatureofthethreatposedbyterroristsengagingindronewarfare.WhilstitarguesthatnoempiricalevidenceexiststocategoricallyconfirmadronethreatitdoesconfirmthatthedevelopmentofdronesbyterroristssuchasHezbollahisbeyonditsinfancyandthatbothAl-QaedaandtheIRAareinastateoftechnologicalmutationthattheirprogres-sion-fromasymmetricalfieldcommandsandIEDstocyberwarfareandsophisticatedoperationscentres-istransformingatspeedwith21stcenturytechnologies.BasedonthisobservationtheworkarguesthatnotonlywillAl-QaedaandtheIRAemergefromthischrysalisandactivelydeploydronesdesigned-to-missionoverthenextfiveyearsbutthattheUnitedKingdomisvulnerabletobeingthefirsttargetofsuchanattack.Insummaryalthoughitcanbeseenthattherehaveindeedbeensignificantinroadstounderstandingthephenomenonofterrorismthegreatestweaknessbetweenter-rorismstudiesandpoliciesbasedonresearchisalackofpragmatismandafailuretorec-ognizeaimsofterroristsascomprehensibleandrealisticasopposedtoidealisticandinhuman.Thepaperhencehighlightsanurgentneedforpolicy-makerstobeawareofnotjustthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheresearchuponwhichknowledgeofterrorismisbasedbutthepoliticizationofthetermterrorismandtheflawsintheargumentsandcounterargumentsfornewterrorism.ChristopherCharlesMcKeatingMilitaryAdvisorFutureForcesExhibitionConference2014JackalsandDronesTheMetamorphosisof21stCenturyTerrorismTheFront-lineConsensusontheThreatofTerroristsusingDronesThispaperisacontinuationofJackalsandDronesTheMetamorphosisof21stCenturyTerrorism-Al-QaedasChrysalistheMetamorphosisofTerrorismResearchwhichwaspublishedintheSpringEditionoftheJFTCmagazine. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201323Itisalsoarguedthatifterrorismresearchistoaccumulateempiricalevidenceonwhetherterroristsarelikelyornottoemploytech-nologyonamilitaryscalescholarsneedtomovebeyondtheresearchparadigmsandincentivesofthelasttenyearsbeyondtheconfinesofofficecentredstudiesandbeyondtheinabilitytocomeupwithaworkinguse-fuldefinitionofthephenomenonforpolicybasedresearch.PartIITheResearchisbasedonananalysisofdataaggregatedfrom23interviewsand100questionnairessentto156expertsonwarfareandterrorismacrossNATOi.e.ElectronicsAvionicsandExplosivesExpertsSeniorOfficersCIAOperativesSpecialForcesex-ParamilitaryCombatantsPMCContractorsCombatPilotsandProfessionalMercenaries.Theresearchconfirmsnotonlythatdroneswillbeafeatureofmodernterrorismbutwithanoverwhelmingnumberofrespondentswhoidentifiedspecificdronesassuperiorweaponstocar-bombsandsuicidebombersforspecifictargets-andLondonasoneofthetargetsmostsusceptibletodroneattacks-consensusthattheimplicationsareacuteindeedsignificantenoughtowarrantcallsforfurtheranti-terrorismlegislationandnewcounter-terrorismmeasuresparticularlyinthefieldofcounter-dronetechnology.Theresearchgivescontexttotheanswersbypro-vidingreferencesthroughoutthequestionstothemotivationalinfluencesbehindterroristsandbyfocusingontheiroriginsstructureandstrategiesaninsightastohowtargetsareselectedandweaponschosen.Tocompoundtheresearchandasthepastisfundamentaltounderstandinganypresentorfutureappli-cationofcontemporaryweaponrysomeofthequestionswereframedwithinhistoricalargumentsto1illustratethemodernityofterrorismand2showitsnaturetodeveloppragmaticallyandtechnologicallywhengiventheopportunity.Itwascon-cludedasaconsequenceoftheproliferationindual-purposecomponentsandanincreaseinthenumberoffailednation-statesthattheopportunetimeforterroriststodevelopmili-tarilyhasalreadydawnedthatterroristsaremorerealisticthanidealisticwhenitcomestotechnologyandnotjustinachrysalisoftechnologicalmetamorphosisbutmutatingsteadilytowardsdronewarfareandatanalarmingpace.TheoryThebackgroundtothisresearchstemsfromaneventthattookplaceonTuesday7thNovember2004whenatapproximately1030amlocaltimeIAFcombatpilotsfailedtointerceptaterroristdronethathadpen-etratedIsraeliairspace.TheIraniandesigneddronehadbeenbuiltarmedandlaunchedbyHezbollah.Itwasthefirstverifiedflightofadronebyaterroristdesignatedorganization.Tenyearslaterandwiththeauthorunabletointerviewterroristsonclaimstohavesincecultivateddrone-technology1amodelofresearchhadtobedeveloped.BypilotingofvariousquestionnairesaimedatascertaininghowterroristscouldapplydronesthetheoryuponwhichthispaperisbasedcameintobeingDuetotheincreasingpara-militariza-tionofsometerroristorganisationsmilitaryorienteddiscoursebetweenirregularcom-batantsofnon-stateforceshasbecomecloseenoughtothediscourseofregularcombat-antsofnation-stateforcesthatforcertainaspectsofterrorismstudieselementsofthestatecaneffectivelybeinterviewedinlieuofterrorists.Bytheorizinghownon-statecombat-antsandstatecombatantsthinkalikeincombatandhybridwarfareandbyfocusingonwhattheyhaveincommonwithregardtoinnovationacquiringtargetsapplyingtheirequipmentandadaptingtheirdefensiveandoffensivecapabilitiestotheirmissionitbecamepossibletohypothesizewithfirsthandexpertiseontheconsensusastothethreatofterroristsinvestingindrones.ThepaperishenceaninsighttonotjustNATOsstanceonthequestionastowhetherornotterroristswillusedronesbutaninsightastotheterroristsstance.InsummarytheprojectisbothaconsequenceofHezbollahstechnologicalbreakthroughthatTuesdaynightinMayadecadeagojust23monthsaftertheUSAfirstusedanMQ-1PredatordronearmedwithtwoAGM-114Hellfiremissilesincombatandfromhav-ingdemonstratedbothpublicinterestinthesubjectandtheexistenceofconcernanddiscoursewithinNATOastotheimplicationsofterroristsemployingdronetechnology.NoteA.DuetotheconstraintsofpublicationthisdrafthasbeeneditedB.Therewasnoagreementonthemodelofdronemostlikelytosupportterrorism.Infacttherewasmuchdisagreement.Howeverasthisanomalyhadbeennoticedatthepilot-ingstageoftheresearchquestionswereincludedtofindconsensusonthetypesofdronesthatcorrelatedwiththemodusope-randioftwowell-knowngroupstheIRAandAl-Qaedaandbydefaultconsensusonthesubsequentrisktohypothesizedtargets.DuetotheaboveandfurtherdiscrepanciesinresponsesovertheeffectivenessofvariousweaponsnamelyhandgrenadestheissueofLondonalateinterviewwithtwoex-UNGCIpersonnelwhoworkedwithweap-onsinspectorsinlate1990sIraqandtoobvi-ateanyofthedisorientationonterrorismandweaponsofmassdestructionthatappearedpost911afewquestionswereappendedtotheresearchon1.Theprototypeterrorist-dronethatwasdesignedtoassessinnovationthisprojectwillbepresentedatFSEC2014inPrague.2.Thedrone-friendlypropertiesofC4H8Cl2Swhichwereexploredtoassesstheviabilityofchemicalattacks.Thiswasasadirectresultofinterviewingtheex-UNGCIofficersandtheallegeduseoftheorganophosphoruschemicalSarinbyrebelforcesinSyria.3.ThethreattoLondonanditsheritagetoassesswhytherespondentsthoughtthecitytobesosusceptibletodroneattacks. 24TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Ifaterroristgroupgetsdronetechnologyitwilluseitagainstusineverywayitcan.FormerUnitedStatesDirectorofNationalIntelligenceAdmiralDennisBlair2Despiteincreasinguseofdronetech-nologiesbystate-forcesbothonandoffthebattlefieldandstatementssuchasAdmiralBlairsthequestionastowhetherornotdroneswillsoonbeusedbynon-stateforceshasuntilrecentlyactuallyattractedlittlepublicdebate.Withthemilitarizationofter-roristorganizationsacrosstheworldintensi-fyinghowevere.g.withtheparamilitariesofSyriatheiruseofheavyweaponsandtheirrecruitmentofveterancombatantsfromIraqitisatopicthatisincreasinglybeingdiscussedattheoperationallevelwithinmili-tarycirclesthroughouttheAlliance.Inordertotestthisobservationandthebeliefthatfurtherresearchintowhetherornotterroristswillusedroneswasneededanassessmentofconsensusonthesubjectacrossfieldssuchaselectronicsavionicsandexplosiveswasdeemedessentialastoowastheabilitytopubliclydemonstratemilitarydiscourseonthesubject.Howeverwithnoprecedentofadronethreatorstrikebyterroristsandlittlepublishedmaterialotherthanahandfulofnewspaperarticlestosuggestathreatitwasnecessarytofirstelicitopendebateonthetopic.Thiswasachievedbythepubli-cationofa9000wordessayonthetopicofdronesinNATOsJFTC-JournalforTransformationThroughTraining3-uponwhichthemediamilitaryandpressquicklypickeduponandreported.Despiteasen-sationalistreviewoftheessaybyseveraltabloidsTheTimes4articleaddedtootherscallsforare-assessmentofthesituationandareviewoftheargumentsastowhyterroristshavenotasyetemployeddroneswhethertheyarelikelytoemploydronesandiftheadagethatsuicidebombersandcar-bombsarecheaperandmoreeffectivethandronesisofanyrealvalue.Itneedstobemadeclearatthispointthatwhilstthisresearchisbasedonsamplescollatedfromexperiencedsourcesandauthenticliteratureonthesubjectmanyofthosesampledwerepredomi-nantlyeitherfront-linecombatantsandservingofficersorofficialswitheitherpersonalordirectinterestsincounter-terrorism.Furthermoreitneedstobepointedoutthatthedefinitionofterror-istwasoutsidethescopeofthisessayandhasintentionallynotbeencoveredinthiswork.ForthepurposesofthisessayandsakeofargumentanyreferencestotheabovearetothoseproscribedasTerroristOrganizationsunderSchedule2oftheTerrorismAct2000bythegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain.Thefirstsectionofthepaperlooksattheparticipantssampledhowtheyweregroupedandseveralissuesthatarosedur-ingthepilotingphaseofthequestionnaire.Thisisprefixedbyabriefintroductiontothemoralissuessurroundingdronesandtheimplicationsoftheirusetocombatterrorism.Foranassessmentontheconsensusofthetypesofdronesmostlikelytobeofappealtoterroristsandthetargetsmostlikelytobeattackedthisisfollowedbyananalysisofthefivepartsthatmadeupthequestionnaire1terroristinnovation2targetselection3dronedesign4counter-dronecapa-bilityand5understandingterrorismandtheimplicationsofdroneattacks.Eachofthesepartsissupportedbyreferencesinthequestionstothehistoricaltraitsofterrorismandtheargumentthatterrorismismutatingmilitarilyasaconsequenceoftheincreasingnumberoffailedstatesfailingstatesandtheincreasingpara-militarizationofterrorism.Thethreefinalsectionswereappendedaspracticalhypotheticalandprimaryargu-mentstocomplimentthefindingsoftheresearchthesearethedesignofaproto-typedroneaproposedexplanationfortheLondonPhenomenonandanevaluationofmustardgasasachemicalweaponthattheconsensusshowedtobeagoodmatchforweaponizingdrones.ThepaperconcludesthattheconsensusacrossNATOisthatdroneswillbeafeatureofmodernterrorismandthattheimplicationswillhavefarreachingconsequences.Itwasequallyconcludedthatasaconsequenceoftheproliferationindronecomponentsandanincreaseinthenumberoffailednation-statesthatthedevelopmentofthetechnologybyterroristsisadvancedandadvancingterror-istsarenotjustinachrysalisoftechnologicalmetamorphosisbutmutatingsteadilytowardsdronesasameanstowagewhatU.S.ArmyLt.Col.ShannonBeebecalledavortexofviolence65thGenerationWarfareandNet-centricTerrorism.Althoughtheonlyempiri-calevidencethatcategoricallyconfirmsadronethreatisbasedonIsraelsassessmentofHezbollahscapabilityandtoadegreetheIDAreportof2005whichstatedbothAl-QaedaandFARCtohaveexperimentedwithunmannedweaponryconsensuscon-firmedthatthedevelopmentofdronesbyterroristsacrosstheworldwasneverthelessinevitablebeyonditsinfancyandthatter-rorismwasindeedinastateofevolutionthatitsprogression-fromasymmetricalfieldcommandsandIEDstocyberwarfareandsophisticatedoperationscentreshasbeentransformingatspeedwith21stcenturytech-nologies.Basedontheseobservationsitisfurtherarguedthatnotonlywillterror-ismemergefromthischrysalisandactivelydeploydronesdesigned-to-missionoverthenextfiveyearsbutgiventhediscoursethattheUnitedKingdomislikelytobethefirsttargetofsuchanattackparticularlyfromwithinitsborders.PrimetargetsarebelievedtobestadiumsandcalendaredcelebrationssuchastheGrandNationalorNewYearsEve.Nationaliconscamesecondastargetsofpropaganda.TheconsensusontheprimethreattotheUnitedStateswasfromdronesoutsidecontinentalAmericawithattacksonitsembassieswarshipskeypersonnelbasesandcitizenry.Thiswasfollowedclose-lyonthehome-frontwithcitiessuchasIntroduction TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201325DallasHoustonPhoenixMinneapolisLosAngelesSeattleChicagoBostonNewYorkandWashingtonoverwhelminglybelievedtobedefencelessagainstattacksbydroneslaunchedfrominsideMexicanandCanadiancontrolledterritories.UnfortunatelybyoverestimatingthecapabilitiesofterroriststodeployWMDoverthelastdecadetheircapabilitiestodeploydronesinthisdecadehavebeenunderesti-mated.Notonlyarethevoicesofthoseonthefrontlinecounteringterrorismbelievedtohavebeenstonewalledbuttheabilityofdronestodemocratizetheabilitytowageterrorismbyorganizationsandindividualsmisunderstood.Inshortalthoughtherehavebeensignificantinroadstounderstandingthetechnologicalevolutionofterrorismalackofpragmatismprimarilyareluctancetorec-ognizetheaimsofterroristsascomprehensi-bleandrealistichasledtowhatislittleotherthanapolicyfailureinthisarea.ToillustratethepointayoungBritishCaptainservingintheHelmandrepliedmostpoignantlytothequestionastowhydronesmightbeamoreattractivealternativetosuicidebombersbyansweringsimplythattheyobviouslyobvi-atetheneedtosacrificeapersonslife.TheresultsofthisresearchaddtotheargumentthatthegoalsofterroristsaremeasurableachievablehumanandwelldefinedandthatdroneswillbecomeasubiquitousaterroristweaponastheAK47andtheIEDinthepublicseyesoverthenextfivetotenyears.SectionIAsofteninthepastfutureconflictswillappearashybridscomprisingdiversedynamicandsimultaneouscombinationsoforganizationstechnologiesandtechniquesthatdefycategorization.6CapstoneConceptforJointOperationsVersion3January1520091TheMoralImplicationsIronicallywhilsttosaythatadronestrikeagainstaterroristtargetbyanation-stateisapolarizingtopicindeedanunder-statementespeciallyintheStatestheresearchshowsthatthereverseisnotU.S.droneswereoverwhelminglyforexampleseenasweaponsofterrorandtohavesetaprecedentforfutureactsofterrorismseequestions0108below.ThishasalsobeenreflectedinanumberofwellpublicizedstatementsoverthelastyearinJanuary2013forexampletheBritishUNSpecialRapporteuronCounter-Terrorismsaiditsgrowingusedronestrikesbynation-statesincludesraisingthespectrethatnon-stateorganizations-organizationslabelledasterroristgroups-couldusethetechnologyinretaliationandthattheplainfactisthatthistechnologyisheretostayanditsuseisarealitywithwhichtheworldmustcontend.7AndjustayearearliertheheadoftheCIAscounter-terrorismcentre2004-2006statedthePakistandroneprogrammeisfartooindiscriminateinhittingtargetsandcouldleadtosuchpoliticalinstabilitythatitcreatesterroristsafehavens.Wehavebeenseducedbythemdronesandtheunintendedconsequencesofouractionsaregoingtooutweightheintendedconsequences.8Questions010801.TheUnitedStateshassetaprecedent.Within5yearsChinesedronescouldbekillingUyghurSeparatistsinKazakhstanTurkishdronescouldbekillingPKKInsurgentsacrossNorthernIraqandIsraelidronescouldbetargetingandassassinatingkeyassetsacrosstheMiddleEast.HowfairisthisstatementVeryFairFairUnfairCompletelyUnfair30431710 26TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201302.Aredroneseffectiveforkillingterrorists03.Aredroneseffectiveincombatingterrorism04.Aredronesbeingusedasaweaponofterror05.HastheUnitedStatesresortedtoconfrontingterrorismwithterrorism06.Inthe1940s2340GermanUAVsV1sraineddownuponLondonkilling5475andinjuringover16000.Inthe1980sunmannedaircraftcrossedtheAtlantic.Modelaircrafttodaycanflyinexcessof400kph.WhyhaveterroristsnotemployeddronestodateAnswerspredominantlycentredonthefactthattherehadbeen1noprecedentofadroneattack2thedevelopmentofdronetechnologyhasbeentoofastand3thereisnofailedstateorterroristbasecloseenoughtowesterntargetsfromwhichtodevelopandlaunchlongrangedroneswithlargepayloads.07.Giventheproliferationindronecomponentsandthemilitarizationofsometerroristgroupshowlongwillitbebeforeanationstateisattackedbyanon-statedroneexcludingHezbollahs15voidedthisquestion08.DroneswilltargetUScitiesfromCanadianandMexicanterritoriesoverthenext10years.Highlighthowrealisticthisisinyouropinion.2ParticipantsSampledfortheResearchProperTable1showsofthe156participantsacrossthesectorssampledGovernmentIntelligenceMilitaryCivilianandPolicethat17heldtherankofColonelandabovethat46wereexplosiveexperts10Civilians27electronicsavionicsexperts7Civiliansand25pilotsandlogisticians5Civilians.Therestweremadeupof13SpecialForcesincluding3ex-LegionnairesallwithCombatFieldexperience6Police5Paramilitaries5GovernmentOfficials7IntelligenceOfficersand5PMCcontractors.YesNo8713YesNo2278YesNo6733YesNo643612Years23Years3-4Years5Years272434VeryRealisticRealisticUnrealisticCompletelyUnrealistic10532314 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201327Table1Note56fromthesectorMilitarywerevoidedonrequestorfornotmeetingtheminimumcriteria.Aswiththeinterviewsnoneofthedatacollatedfromtheserespondentswasincludedintheresults.Table2showstheminimumcriteriasetforparticipationintheresearchacrossthosesectorssampledTable2ExceptNATOCivilianPilotsExceptthosefromEx-YugoslaviabarSloveniaGov.Intel.MilitaryPre-ScreeningVoidedMilitaryPost-ScreeningCivilianPolice5717Col.143Col.636ExplosiveExperts1620ExplosiveExperts11fromGeorgiaEx-YugoslaviabarSlovenia10ExplosiveExperts5fromGeorgiaEx-YugoslaviabarSlovenia20ElectronicAvionicExperts137ElectronicAvionicExperts7ElectronicAvionicExperts20PilotsLogisticians137PilotsLogisticiansinc.2Non-NATOAlgerianCombatPilots5PilotsLogisticians13SpecialForces013SpecialForces5ParaMilitaries05ParaMilitaries5PMCs05PMCs571165660226SectorsGovernmentIntelligenceMilitaryCivilianPoliceSample5760226Criteria1Agedbetween3060withminof4yearsexperienceinoneormoreofthefollowingAllSectorsMilitaryIntelligenceDiplomacyAirDefenceATCExplosivesElectronicsPilotEngineeringShippingRailwaysLogisticsCounterTerrorismCriteria2ServicewithinatleastonecategoryIntelligenceSISMOSSADGCHQCIAMSSABINGRUDGSEGIPMilitaryCombatorFrontlineExperiencePMCSFPara-MilitaryForeignLegionN.IrelandSecurityCriteria3MinimumranksorequivalentstohavebeenheldMilitarySergeantPOCptCivilianWS-14toWS-19USWhiteCollarGradesorGSGM-13-14USBlueCollarGradesPoliceSgtInspectorCriteria4NGOSoldieringDiplomaticServiceordirectrolewithinoneormoreofthefollowingGovernmentMaliAfghanistanPhilippinesYemenAlgeriaIraqCongoYugoslaviaN.IrelandSyriaGeorgiaIsraelSudanLibyaSaudiArabiaSomaliaColumbiaNATOIntelligenceMilitaryCriteria5WorkcounteringtheobjectivesofatleastoneofthefollowingGovernmentAl-QaedaPIRAUDAShabaabAnsarETAIslamiyahFARCUVFINLAAl-AsquaShaheedShrinkyoHamasLTTEShiningPathPoliceIntelligence 28TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Asitwasalreadyagreedthatanyrecordofthequalitativesemi-structuredinterviewingthatwastotakeplacewouldremainconfidentialthe23interviewswerearrangedandscheduledtogivetheauthorcontextonlyforsecurityrea-sonsthequestionnairethusneededtobestructuredtoaddmorequalitytothequantitativedata.Thehopewasthatthiswouldgivetheresearcharicherandmoremeaningfulresult.Henceopenendedquestionswereincludedtocapturesomequalitativeinformationuponwhichananalysisoftheaggregatedatacouldthenbeconducted.Inshortontopoftheagreedisagreetypeofformatthisenabledtheauthortocapturekeylinesofthoughtkeyvocabularyandstancesthatwerefoundtobeofimportance.NoteThedataaggregatedfromtheconfidentialinterviewswashoweverlaterdeemedtobetooimportanttoexcludeaprioriandtheintervieweeswerehencecontactedforacompromise.Despitethefactthatitwouldunderminetheresearchacademicallyitwasagreedthattherewouldbenobreachofconfidentialitywerethedatatobeusedasargumentinthenarrativeoftheessaywithoutreference.Asthispieceofresearchwaswrittenessentiallyasacallforfurtherresearchthebenefitswerebelievedtooutweightheacademicrisks.SectionIIThecategoriesofwarfareareblurringandnolongerfitintoneattidyboxes.Onecanexpecttoseemoretoolsandtacticsofdestructionfromthesophisticatedtothesimplebeingemployedsimultaneouslyinhybridandmorecomplexformsofwarfare.9RobertM.GatesUnitedStatesSecretaryofDefence2006-20111TerrorismInnovationThroughoutthehistoryofmodernterrorismfromtheIRAsradicaladvancesinmortartechnologyduringthe1990stotheuseofmobilephonesasremotedetonatorsintheIraqwartheadoptionofmilitarytechnologybyciviliancombatantshasbeenrapiditwasLashkar-e-Taibathatshowedtheworldhowtechnologyandtenmencouldbringacityof20milliontoastandstillthroughitsexecutionofoneofthemosttechnologicallyadvancedterroristattacksinhistory.WhathitMumbaiwasnotjusttengunmenintentonslaughterbuttenarmedmicroprocessorssupportedbyanoperationscentreover500milesfromthekillingfields.Throughcoordinatingtheattacksinreal-timeusingBlackBerryssatellitephonesGSMhandsetssearchenginesandsocialnetworkingsitestheterroristswereabletosustainakillratioof181.Althoughtechnologyandterrorismhavealwaysmarchedinpacewithmodernitywhatisdifferenttodayishowtechnol-ogyhasopenedupthebattlefieldforthestatethesoldieronthegroundhasbecomestrategicandmaynowdirectlyinfluencetacticaloperationalandstrategiclevelsofcommandtothedegreethattheyaffectpoliticalchangeonanationalscalefortheterroristsithasenabledtheircorporalstoaffectpoliticalchangeonaglobalscaleandnotonlyexploitthegapingpowervacuumsleftinthewakeoffailedrevolutionsbutbuildtheirchrysalidesacrossthedecayingnation-statesoftheworld.Furthermoreduetothepaceoftechnologyitissimplyimpossibletodefinewhatproto-typesofdronesactuallyexisttodayandwhattypesofdronesarelikelytobedevelopedwhattypesoftargetsarevulnerabletotheseandtowhichstateactorsandnon-stateactorsthesecapabilitieswouldproveattractive.Henceitisonlybyfirstbrainstorminghowmilitarytechnologythathascrossedovertothecivilianworlde.g.GPScouldbereappliedbyterroriststhatthoughtcanthenbegivenastowhetherornotlegislationorfurthercounter-terrorismmeasuresneedtobeemplaced.WithoutittheworddroneisasmeaninglessasthewordterroristanddiscussionontheirvaliditylittleotherthananinsighttotheissuesthatKafkasallegoriesbroughttolightwaybackin1917.Withanewtechnicallysavvyyoungergenerationofpost-ArabspringmenandwomenreplenishingtheranksofterroristorganisationsandradicalisedgroupsacrossEuropeAmericaandabroadbrainstorminghowfardronesareapartoftheirplansisessential. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201329Consensusonthethreatwasshowntobehighbutitisnotnew.Asfarbackas2004aU.S.HouseofRepresentativessub-committeeheardtestimony10regardingthethreatfromDennisGormleyoftheMontereyInstitutethatadronecouldbefiredfrombeyondvisualrangeatatargetwhiletheterroristsmaketheirescapebeforeimpactandthattherewouldbelittledangerofdetectionintransportationlaunchorescape.FurtherquestionswerehenceaskedtoascertainmoreontheseriousnessofthethreatbyfocusingonweaponizationHavingestablishedthatexistingUSdronesareconsideredtobeastateweaponofterrorandthattheseriousnessofthethreatofterroristsacquiringandarmingdronesishighitwasnecessarytoconsiderpracticalaspectsofactuallybuildingthemachines.Withtheminiaturizationofauto-pilotsystemsandgyrospost-2005andtheincreasingrangeofcommerciallyavailabledronekitsbatteriesandpartstobuildfastflyingshortrangedroneswithpayloadsofupto30kilostherespondentswereaskedtoviewtheUSmilitaryslatestacquisitiontheSwitchbladeandconsiderNo.StatementQuestionYesNo09TerroristranksarebeingreplenishedwithyoungertechnicallyliteratemenandwomenpostArab-Spring.Highlightifthiswillleadtoanincreasedapplicationofcommerciallyavailabletechnologiesforterroristpurposes.937No.QuestionCompletelyAgreeAgreeDisagreeCompletelyDisagree10Highlighthowfaryouwouldagreethataseriousthreatexistsfromterroristorganizationsplanningtotakeadvantageofdronetechnology.3355120No.StatementVeryEasyEasyDifficultVeryDifficult11HighlighthoweasyitwouldbetoweaponizeaciviliandronewiththeCzechdesignedexplosivesemtex.136819No.StatementVeryEasyEasyDifficultVeryDifficult12HighlighthoweasyitwouldbetoweaponizeaciviliandronewithanIED.1272106Questions1315CompiledAnswersCoulditbereplicatedYesNoHowcouldTerroristsutilizesuchaweaponMostrespondentspredictedthatmanufactureddroneswillbeusedasinsurgencyweaponsasopposedtoweaponsforassassinationsorattacksonciviliantargets.TerroristDroneswouldbeassembledonacasebycasebasis.Withtheincreasingpara-militarizationofgroupslikeHezbollahandAl-Nusrahoweversomewillslipthroughthenet.7822WhattypesofTerroristswouldtheyappealtoDronecapabilitieswereconsideredsodiversethatthetechnologywasdeemedtobeofincalculablevaluetomostifnotallterroristorganizations.HowwidelyavailableandaffordableisthetechnologyTheproliferationofdronetechnologywasseenasaseriousconcerninthatitenablesterroriststoassembledronesasopposedtomanufacturethem.Over74oftherespondentssaidthetechnol-ogywaswidelyavailableandaffordable 30TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013PeterBergenthedirectorofthenationalsecuritystudiesprogramattheNewAmericaFoundationsaidTheexplosionindronetechnologypromisestochangethewaynationsconductwarandthreatenstobeginanewarmsraceasgovern-mentsscrambletocounterbalancetheiradversaries.11Inshortthedisseminationofmilitarytechnologyanddualpurposecomponentshasalreadyfiltereddown.Havingestablishedthattheconsensusonterroristsconsideringdronetechnologyishighandthatdroneswouldnotbedifficulttoweaponizeitwasimportanttopinpointwhytheyhavenotasyetbeenusedbeyondtheexperimentalstageandifsuicidebombersandcar-bombswillremaintheweaponofchoice.Thissamplingshowedtheargumentthatdronesareunlikelytoreplacesuicidebombersandcarbombsthehallmarksofthemodernterroristtobelessthanblackandwhite.Thereasonforthisisthatincertainscenariosawell-directedexplosiveofseveralkilosflyingat200kphwouldhavefarmoreofadevastatingeffectordesiredeffectthana500kgcarbombontheground.Thefearisthatdronescouldopenupareasthatwerehithertoofflimitswithexistingweapons.Furthermorewhilstasuicidebombermaywellforexamplehaveasequallyadevastatingeffectonastadiumcrowdasasmallsuicidedronethedronecouldflyinfastfromhundredsofkilometresawaywithdozensofcontubernalestakeintargetsofopportunityonrouteandinrealtimehomeinonsecondarytargetsi.e.searchandrescueteamsandcongestedemergencyexits.Inshorttheirmeanstoterrorizeandthemeanstowhichtheycanbeappliedareinfinite.ItismerelyaquestiontodayoffuelandpayloadcalculationsMaxPayloadMTOW-OEWFuelCapacity.2TargetSelectionThemotivesbehindAl-QaedasinitialattackswerecleartoradicalizeandmobilizetheIslamicworldJasonBurke2005andpromotetheideologythatunitedandmotivatedJihadistgroups.AsAl-Qaedahasmatureditsrankshavecon-tinuedthisthemeandthegrouptodayisreflectiveofaninternationalacademicallyqualifiedandyoungergeneration.FurthermoreadecadeofrepressivelegislationandwarhasfragmentedanddecentralizedthehierarchytothedegreethattheiraffiliateshavebecomeincreasinglyautonomousandtheirmotivationsforalliancemorevariedGartenstein-RossandDabruzz2008.InthisaspectofAl-QaedathatisimportantwithregardtothequestionofdroneuseunlikeotherterroristgroupswhereinnovationisoftenstifledAl-Qaedahasbecomecreativeandtechnologicallyoriented.MoreoverwhilstAl-Qaedasoriginalleadershipinspiredagenerationofmassattacksatthefarenemybycareerter-roriststhenewleadershipmightnotthemotivationalinfluencesonthegroupsfollowershavesimplychangedbeyondrecognitionovertheyearsandthiscouldhaveseriousimplicationsonfutureattacks.ForexamplewhatradicalizedBinLadensandAlZawahirisgenerationisverydifferentfromwhatradicalisestodayspost-ArabSpringyouthandpre-datesthemanythousandsofjihadistswhohavefoughtoverthelastdecadeasadirectresultofthewarsinIraqandAfghanistan.InshorttodaysSalafistsarenotmotivatedbyfightingtheSovietsforexampleordependentonthenetworksthatBinLadensgenerationrelieduponandthattheWestwasfamiliarwithcountering.Whattheyhaveissomethingelseanditisnotnew.Infactitisasoldasthehills.WhattodaysSalafistshaveincommonisasharedperceptionofhatredandanideologythattranscendsdisbeliefasharedexpectationofbeingexploitedandasharedanthology.TheirmotivationalinfluencesstemfromthebattlefieldsofBosniaChechnyaAfghanistanIraqSyriaanincreasinglyglobalisedworldandacomprehensiveinnateunderstandingoftheirenemy.TheirnetworkisnolongerfamilialandlocalisedbutOedipalandBalkanized.WhathasbeenthekeytotheirresurgenceandentrenchmentfromNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEasttoParisandLondoncanhencebefoundinthehistorycontinuityandmodernityofterrorism.IneffecttheleadershipofAl-Qaedatodaycouldbesaidtohavedemocratized-withlegionsofautonomousmulti-layerednetworksofcellsaffiliationsandallianceshavinginstitutionalisedanideologythathascapturedthezeitgeistof21stcenturyIslam.Itcouldalsobesaidtohavesetininterminablemotionoftheinspirationfornotjustthisgenerationsradicalisationbutthenextsmillionsofpotentialrecruitsandsympathisersfromwhichtopoolindirectlyormilitarizeunderaphysicalstructurethatisdecentralizedandsupportedfinanciallytechnologicallylogisticallyandideologicallynotbyafranchisedparentalorganization-butacommunity.ThisprogressionhasprovedappropriatetothegoalsoftheorganizationinthatithasenabledAl-QaedanotonlytosurvivetheonslaughtoftheworldssuperpowersbutmaintainitspositionattheforefrontoftheSalafistmovement.LikeallterroristsAl-Qaedasideologyisneverthelessreflectedinboththetargetsitselectsandthetacticsandweaponsitusestoattackthemmassivecasualtiesorhorrorkillingsinaninternationalpublicisedcontext.Andbyreversingtheequa-tionresearchcanstilldeterminetheirweaponsofchoiceandlearnhowtocounterthem.IntheAl-Khobarcompoundattackof2003SaudiArabiaitwascar-bombsandtheuseofblast-walls.Itwasalsothiscasewherethecounter-measuresfailedtoholdtheterroristsandafterseparatingthehostagesintoMuslimsandnon-Muslimstheyproceededtoslitthethroatsofthe TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201331latterAbdulHameedBakier2006overathousandWesternfamiliesleftthecountryinthefollowingthreemonths.Longtermreconnaissancehighqualityexplosivesandacoordinatedhighlydaringattackthatincludedsuicidebomberstobreachthecar-bombproofwallsandhead-setsforcommunicationssetthestandardforwhatwastobecomethenewhallmarkfortheterrorismthatisreminiscentofAl-Qaeda.Notonlydidtheattackterrorisebutdemonstratedtotheworldthattheyhadthetechnologyandcapabilitytostrikeatboththenearandfarenemyatwillwithcollusionandwithdrama.TheimpactofAl-Qaedasideologyontheirtacticsbetween911andtheArabSpringUprisingsof2011isalsosig-nificantasoverthedecadethetacticstheyhaveemployedtoachievetheirlongtermobjectiveshashadsufficientenoughsupporttosustainacontinuedcampaignofviolence.ThesituationnowhoweverhasgonefullcircleandreturnedtothatofAl-Qaedasbeginningsinthe1990sinthattheyhavehadtogobacktohavingtopersuadeJihadistfighterstotakeaglobalperspective-tostrikeonceagainattheWestdirectly.AndgiventherecentparamilitarizationofterrorismacrossNorthAfricaYemenandSyriaitisthis-whatunfoldsfromthischrysalis-thatwilldeterminewhatAl-Qaedastacticsisgoingtobeforthefuture.TogaugeAl-Qaedasmotivationbehindtargetinginthiscontextthefollowingquestionswereposed16.ItisbeingarguedthatAl-Qaedasdroneswilltarget7areasofastate.Highlight3areasyouseeasthemostunprotectedandlikelytobeattacked.65ofrespondentshighlightedthesame3areas17.Highlightinanothercolouroneofthethreeareasyouchoseasbeingthemostvulnerabletodroneattack.Ofthe65respondents56highlighted18.Highlightinanothercolouroneofthetargetsinthecategorythatyouchoseasbeingthemostvulnerabletoadroneattack.Ofthe56respondents54highlighted19.Inwhichcircumstanceswoulddronesbeabetterchoiceofweaponcomparedtoasuicidebomberoracar-bomb76saidthevariablesweresolargethatitwasimpossibletoanswer.24voidedthequestion.20.Would3swarmsof5FPVdrones1215dronescarrying1kgofexplosiveeachcausemoreterrorandcasualtiesatafootballmatchthan2suicidebomberscarrying10kiloseachorone500kgcar-bombparkedbeneathastadium63agreedtheywould.3DroneDesignThedronesarelikelytofallinitiallyintofivecategoriesoff-the-shelflong-range1000kmhunter-killerdronesHKDswithheavypayloadsofupto50kgshort-range100kmsuicidedronesSSDsabletocarryincendiaryfragmentaryandfuel-airexplosivedevicesofupto1kgpurposebuiltsurveillancedronesPSDswithaflight-timeofdaysandcapableofCriticalInfrastructureBridgesdamsfueldumpselectricitypylonsetc.ArteriesoftransportationRailwaysairportsmotorwaysetc.NationalMonumentsandCentresofCultureIconicbuildingsartworksmuseumspalacesetc.MilitarySoftTargetsAcademiesTrainingCentresConferencesPoliceStationsCivilianSoftTargetsSchoolsHospitalsStadiumsCelebrationsMilitaryGovernmentPersonagesOnthebattlefieldabroadandonthehome-frontTargetsofEconomicImportanceBanksStockExchangesCyberSpaceJammingCopyingRe-routingCivilianSoftTargetsSchoolsHospitalsStadiumsCelebrationsCivilianSoftTargetsSchoolsHospitalsStadiumsCelebrations 32TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013relayingreal-timeintelligenceautonomoussurface-borneseaminesandthemostfearedTheJackalsone-offstailoredtotarget.Tacticswillfollowthelessonslearnedfromhavingbeenonthereceivingendofseveralthousanddronestrikesoverthelastdecadeincludingthedeadlydouble-tap.Toascertaintheaboveanddeterminehowfaritisbelievedthatterroristsareengaginginthedevelopmentofdronesquestionswereaskedregardingthesaleofdronecomponentsandthefeasibilityofdesignsforlessthan10000Questions2227Respondentswerealsoaskedtohighlighthowusefulsurveillancedroneswouldbetotheexecutionofaterroristattack4CounterDroneCapabilityThetaskofdefendingarelativelylargeareasuchasalargeindustrialcityfromanairattackisbasedonalayeredairdefensesystemthatincludesfighteraviationandanti-aircraftmissiles.Themostvaluabletargetsareprotectedwithanotherlineofairdefenseshort-rangeanti-aircraftmissilesorgunssuchaswereseenattheOlympicsinLondon2012.DefendingalargeindustrialcityfromUAVshoweverwouldbeextremelycomplicatedfrombothatechnicalandaneconomicpointofview.Thereasonforthisisthatthesystemsweredesignedtoprotectkeyinstallationsnottheentirepopulace.Theprob-No.StatementQuestionYesNo21Wouldyouagreethatthesaleofdronecomponentsshouldbelicensed928DroneTypeDroneSpecificationFeasibleKeyWordsLongRangeDroneAltitude5000metresRange500kmExplosivePayload30kg54CitiesLondonSuicideDroneShort-range100kmsuicidedroneabletocarryincendiaryfragmentaryandfuel-airexplosivedevicesofupto5kg67BattlefieldPoliticalAssassinationsShortRangeHighAltitudeSurveillanceDronePurposebuiltsurveillancedroneswithaflight-timeof2daysandcapableofrelayingreal-timeintelligenceUnlimited3DGPSwaypointswithbuilt-incameraFirstPersonVisualControlandfully-scriptablemissions58BattlefieldCoordinatedAttacksonCivilianTargetsTheJackalOne-offstailoredtotargetGPSthatcantrackupto16satellitessimultaneously1080pvideocamera4kgexplosivepayload64SurveillanceCoordinatedAttacksonCivilianTargetsOffShoreSeaDroneOperatingrangeof100kmamaximumspeedof40kphandapatroldurationof6hours.Highexplosivepayloadcapability50kgBasedonconvertedKawasakiJetSki72WarshipsHarboursTankersTheBugTheBugisalittledifferentthanahighlymaneu-verableremotecontrolledflyingquad-copteregginwhichanystandardhandgrenadeIncendiaryFragmentaryetc.canbeinserted.Canbeflownautomaticallyorbycameraoracombi-nationofbothRangeisonly2kmbutitcanhoverfor3hoursbeforeneedingitsbatteryreplaced76BattlefieldCrowdAttacksNo.StatementExtremelyVeryNotVeryBarely28Highlighthowusefulsurveillancedroneswouldbeinplanningcoordinatingterroristattacks.642574 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201333lemofadroneattackwouldbeaggravatedbythefactthatwhilstairdefencecapabilitieswouldbeeffectiveagainstsometypesofdronestheywereequallydesignedtocountermissilesandmannedaircraftandwouldbeineffectiveintrackingidentifyingacquiringandcounteringmanytypesofexistingdrones.ForexampleifaterroristattackfromtheairoccurredatarangeofseveralkilometresfromthetargetinsidethezoneoflayeredairdefenceandtheflighttimeoftheUAVlastednomorethan15to30minutesexistingairdefensesystemswouldberelativelyineffectiveespeciallyiftheattackwasanautonomousswarmoflightweightfastflyinghighlymanoeuvrablecraft.Ontopofthisthescatteringeffectsofradarsignalsfrombackgroundobjectsthathavemuchlargercrosssectionscomparedwiththatofsmalldroneswouldmakeitanalmostimpossibletask.Questions3234wereaskedtoillustratetheimplicationsofterroristsusingdrones.Notonlyarecurrentdefencesbelievedtobeweakbutpolicyandcounter-dronemeasures.Overhalfoftherespondentsbelievedthatdroneswouldchangethefaceofterrorism.32.Civilianaircraftonapproachcouldbebroughtdownbyswarmsofminiaturedronesintheirflight-pathHighlighthowrealisticthisisinyouropinion.5UnderstandingTerrorismandtheImplicationsofDroneAttacksEvenbeforetheattacksof2001Crenshaw2000sawthedangersinisolatingterrorismfromitscontextside-liningthepreviousthirtyyearsofresearchonwhatterrorismconstitutedandrelyingontheassumptionthattheworldwaswitnessingtheadventofanewterrorism.InherAgendaforthe21stCenturyshedrewattentiontotheproblemsofnotonlydefiningterrorismanddistinguishingitfromotherformsofviolencebutresearchingitinaneventsdrivenworld.Thequestionwasnotsomuchtheanalyticalusefulnessofsuchapejorativeandsubjectivetermbuttheincreasinglydiverseandfluctuatingnatureofitsusage.Insummaryherargumentwasformorestudiesbasedonpragmaticdevelopmentalmodelsofprimaryresearchthatanalysedindividualsandgroupswithintheirpoliticalandsocialenvironmentsasopposedtotheapplicationofpersonalitytheoriesandstudiesofthepsychologyofterrorismthatboundrationality.Iftheobjectofterrorismresearchisindeedtoaccumulateenoughknowledgetotracethecausesoftheemergenceofterrorismandonthebasisofthispredictpatternsinwhichitislikelytore-emergeandtheweaponsitislikelytousethefieldhasfailedtotakeourunderstandingofthephenomenonbeyondtheexploratorystageofresearchSilke2001.SilkesNo.QuestionExtremelyEffectiveEffectiveIneffectiveExtremelyIneffective29Highlighthoweffectivecurrentairdefensecapa-bilitieswouldbeagainstoneheavydrone443615530Highlighthoweffectivecurrentairdefensecapa-bilitieswouldbeagainst1lightdrone18562631Highlighthoweffectivecurrentairdefensecapa-bilitieswouldbeagainstswarmsoflightdrones16435VeryRealisticRealisticUnrealisticCompletelyUnrealistic964207No.StatementQuestionYes33HighlightifyouwouldagreewiththefollowingstatementAsterrorismresearchhasbeeninherentlyweakinthisareapolicybaseduponithasbeenintrinsicallyflawed.63No.StatementQuestionYesNo34Droneswillchangeterrorismbeyondrecognitioninthattheabilitytoterrorizewillbeamplifiedandunlikeanythingthatwehaveeverseenbefore.Highlightifyouagreeornot.5545 34TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013argumentsrestedonfindingthatlittleheadwayhadbeenmadesinceareviewonterrorismresearchbySchmidandJongmanasfarbackas1988.ThroughanexaminationoftheliteraturepublishedinthetwoleadingjournalsofthetimeTerrorismandPoliticalViolenceandStudiesinConflictTerrorismfrom1995to2000hecametotheconclusionthatterrorismstudiesexistedonlittleotherthanadietoffastfoodresearchquickcheapreadytohandandnutritionallydubious.Adecadeonagainandwithfurtherincreasedpoliticalinterestswhilsttheliteratureonterrorismhasincreaseddramati-callytheresearchthatitisbasedonhasnot.Researchingterrorismisstillcompoundedbyalackofprimarymaterialtogetherwithamountainofsecondaryandre-workedresourcesthatareoflimitedvalueespeciallygiventhechangingnatureofterrorismtechnologyandstateagendas.Thattheresearchmethodsemployedoftenreflectthedifferentcampswithinthefieldofterrorismstudiesisthusnomystery.Whathasemergedparticularlyoverthelastdecadeislittleotherthandifferentperspectivesofthesamematerial.Betheydescriptivequantitativeorexperimentaltheirvalueishencelimitedinthattherangeofmethodologiesespeciallythoseemployedingatheringdatabeyondopensourcedmaterialshasbeenweak.InthewakeoftheBostonBombingstheauthorofLeaderlessJihadTerrorNetworksintheTwenty-FirstCenturyM.SagemanM.D.Ph.D.saidthegapbetweenacademeandtheintelligenceworldpreventsanymeaningfulexchangeofideas.Asitstandsnowwearecondemnedtorehashthesameoldtiresomeandirrelevantargumentsthatpreventusfromaskingkeyquestionsabouttheturntopoliticalviolence.April30th2013Thefactissince911terrorismresearchhastakenonanewrelevance.Itisnolongerjustafieldofresearchbutawar-fightingassetanabstractinflectiveprosodyofcommunicationinwhichtheresearchhasceasedtobelongsolelytotheworldofacademia.Withnewterrorismcamenewresearch.Sadlyhoweverthetensionbetweenacademiaandthestatetheofficeboundlecturerandthecounter-terroristoperativehasbroughttheresearchtostagnation.Toattainafieldwiththeanalyticalskillscapableofrespondingto21stcenturyasymmetricalwarfarethevaluesandlimitationsofsuchresearchfromatacticaloperationalandstrategicperspectiveneedtobeunderstoodandre-addressedespeciallywithregardtothefutureimplicationsoftheaugmentationorsuppressionofdrone-technology.Indeedifwearetocounterterrorismmoreeffectivelyacademiaandthestatewouldbewelladvisedtoreturntotheaffairesdecoeurthattheyhadlongenjoyedpriorto911.Inthecontextofprivacyissues13JohnVillasenorProfessorofEngineeringatUCLAandaBrookingsInstitutionSeniorFellowputsthisquestionofaugmentationorsuppressionintoperspectiveTheInternethasprovenusefulandvaluableinwaysthatweredifficulttoimagineoveradecadeandahalfagoandithascreatedprivacychallengesthatwereequallydifficulttoimagine.Legislativeinitiativesinthemid-1990stoheavilyregulatetheInternetinthenameofprivacywouldlikelyhaveimpededitsgrowthwhilealsofailingtoaddressthemorecomplexprivacyissuesthataroseyearslater.ThuswhileitisimportanttoproactivelyconsiderhowtoprotectagainsttheprivacyabusesUAScouldmakepossibleindoingsoitisimportanttorecognizethenearimpossibilityofpredictingallofthewaysthatarapidlydevelopingtechnologycanbeusedforgoodorforillinfutureyears.Inshortwhilstterrorismhaschangedithasnotchangedbeyondrecognitionandalookintoitshistoryisoffundamentalimportancetounderstanding1thethreatposedbyterrorist-dronesand2theconsequencesoflegislatingagainstthem.Indeedaswhatisoftenportrayedtobeanewthreatissimplylittleotherthanacontemporarylearningcurveinanhistoriclineofdevelopmentwithestablishedprecedentsandaclearlineagedeeplyreflectiveofmodernsocietyandwithunmistak-ableconnectionstothepastandahistorythatisoffundamentalimportancetocounteringitthedivorcebetweenacademiaandthestatemayprovetohavebeenacostlyerrorwithregardtodrones.Inresearchingterrorismthereforewithitsmyriadoflineagesandhistoriesitisonlyunderthelightofsustainedresearchandscholarshipandacommitmenttounderstandingwhatiswovenintotheverytapestryofthesubjectthatwecanbegintounderstandthethreadsofitandwhereitsfabrichaseitherfadedorbeenpatched.Contemporaryunderstandingsofthepastareotherwiselittledifferentthansubjectiveinterpretationsandtheirvalueastotheknowledgethatcanbeaccumulatedfromsuchresearchwithterrorismisreducedevenfurtherespeciallygiventhelimitedprimaryresourcesavailable.Thefollowingliteraryargumentsonterrorismresearchillustratesomeofthekeystrengthsandweaknessesofitsabilitytoanatomizethistapestry. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201335TheTapestryofTerrorismAlthoughthecharacteristicsofterrorismarestatichowtheyareperceivedandappliedisdynamicandthedefinitionofitsnatureisthereforefluidanddependentoncontemporaryevents.Anexampleofthisphenomenonistheheavypoliticiza-tionofthetermthattookplaceaftertheattacksof11September2001andthesubsequentmisconceptionthatterrorismhadactuallyundergoneaseriesoffundamentalchangesnamelythatithadmanifesteditstrueselfanddeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.Asthecauseforthewarintensifiedsodidtheconceptofterrorismacrossthepoliticalspectrum.Infactoverthelastdecadetherehasbeensuchashiftinthedefinitionofterrorismacademicallythattherearenowoverahundredschoolsofthoughtonwhatitactuallymeans.Somesaythatithasde-centralizedandde-politicizedothersthatithasmovedonfrompreachingviolenceasameanstoapoliticalendtothephenomenonofusingviolenceasatacticalendinitself.Severalconcurthatithasmovedfromtheshadowstoopen-combatonthefieldandtohaverooteditsagendasintheologyasopposedtoanyknownideology.Oneconcurrentthemehoweveristhatthedramaoftraditionalterrorismhasbecomebutadatedirrelevanceandsupersededbyamodern911typeofwarfare.HoweverwithoutthecommonalityoftheColdWarthesubsequentattemptstopoliticiseithaveresultedinlittleotherthanbringingtolightthegulfsofentrencheddifferencesbetweenthestateandacademiaandhithertosolidallies.Furtherfailureshavebeeninitiatedbythewritingoffofthefundamentaldifferencesthatterrorismhaswithlegitimateuprisingsincludingironicallythosebetween1775and1783andattemptingtore-classifyitthroughthedismissingofguerrillagroupssuchasFARC.Thisrenaissanceperiodfortheterroriststhereforewastheresultnotjustoftheworldstoleranceofitbutitspoliticizationofit.Infactthedemonizationandclassificationofnon-statecombatantshassinceunderminednotjusttheWestsfuturepositionsinanymediatoryrolesorfuturepeacekeepingcapacitybuttheirhithertounquestionedsenseofrighteousness.Therearethreelessonstolearnfromthisandeachiscrucialtotheissueofdronestheterroriststhevictimsandthegeneralpublics.Thefirstisalessoninlegitimacythesecondalessonininnocenceandthethirdalessoninculpabilityandtheantitheticalnatureofterrorismthathasunequivocallyledtothisstateofaffairs.Thereasonforthisisthatwhatwearetalkingaboutherearetheimplicationsofconfrontingterrorismwithterrorismandthechallengesfacedbyliberaldemocracieswithregardstodronestrikes.SectionIII1Proto-typeInordertoassessthevalueofbuildinghypotheticalterroristweaponstheexampleofananti-helicopterminefieldintheskywasaskedfirstSwarmsofbombletshoveringinthecloudswillbetheminefieldsofthefuture.35.Highlightifthetechnologyanddesireforthiswillexistin5yearsOtherquestionsposedtheuseofhandgrenadesduetotheirproliferationasthemeanstoarmingsmalllightweightdronesofupto15kgthatcouldhomeinontargetsat100kphinswarmsfromdistancesofupto10kmusingFPVtechnol-ogyandGPS.YesNo6733 36TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201336.Whatwouldbetheeffectof3FragmentaryHandGrenadesexplodingwithin10metresofanApachehelicopterflyingat140knotsLighttoMediumDamageKeyWords37.Highlightwhatwouldbetheeffectof3phosphorousor3fragmentarygrenadesdetonatingatspeedagainstthesideofamovingovercrowdedpassengertrain.38.IfdroneslikeTheBugwereabletodrophandgrenadeswhatwouldaswarm50ofthembeabletoachieveinanattackonaRailwayStationwith39.Whatwouldthecasualtiesbefromaswarmattack50onastadiumsuchasWembleyatfullcapacity15005000aggregated.Asaresultoftheanswersitbecameevidentthatthetheoryuponwhichtheresearchwasbasedwassoundandthatthebuildingofprototypeterroristweaponsanareaofterrorismstudieshithertounexploredhadvalueaproto-typewashencedesignedandinordertopromoteresearchoncounteringsuchathreatitistobedisplayedatthenextNATOarmsfairinPrague.Thedronewasdesignedasacrude1500UAVwithswarmcapabilitiesforthebattlefieldassassinationandater-roristattackoncrowdedareassuchasthoseabove.2London40.WhyisLondonabettertargetforterroristdronesthananyothercityincludingWashingtonorNewYorkBecauseitisLondon84-KeyArgument41.WhatisthelikelihoodoftrackingandshootingdownafastmovingdronethesizeofafootballflyingthroughthepopulatedstreetsofWestLondonNone.8342.ItwasquotedinTheTimeslastweekthatFor10000adronewithapayloadof50kgcouldbeplacedoutsidePariswakeupinsixmonthstakeoffforLondoninthemiddleofthenightanddestroyBigBenliveontheinternetwitharunningcommentary.14Howrealisticisthis12voidedthisquestion43.Whatwouldbethepoliticaleffectofa10000dronehittingtheHousesofParliamentMessagetotheworldasopposedtotheUSKeyWordsTotheterroristsanotherattackontheUnitedStateswouldbeexactlythatanattackontheUnitedStates.WithLondonhoweveritwouldbeanattackontheworld.Londonrepresentstheworld.AlthoughanattackonaniconsuchasBigBenwouldhencebeanattractivetargetnotethatanattackonafootballstadiumwasdeemedmorelikelyas911awakenedsentimentsofPearlHarbouranaerialassaultonLondonwouldbelikenedtotheBlitzof1940andgalvanizepublicsupportforpre-emptivestrikesdisproportionalretaliationandanescalationintheWaragainstTerror.PhosphorousManyCasualties18IsolatedDamageFewCasualties82FragmentaryManyCasualties76IsolatedDamageFewCasualties24TypeofGrenadeApplicationofTechnologyFragmentaryGrenadesMassiveCasualtiesKeyWordsIncendiaryGrenadesMassiveFiresKeyWordsVeryRealisticRealisticUnrealisticCompletelyUnrealistic522016 TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20133744.HighlightifLondonislikelytobeattackedbydronesoverthenext5years10voidedthequestion3MustardGas45.WhichchemicalweaponwouldbemostsuitedtodronesMustardGas64Becauseofthisanswerthedrone-friendlypropertiesofmustardgasC4H8Cl2Swereexploredfurtherandtwoex-UNGCIofficerswhoworkedwithweaponsinspectorsinlate1990sIraqwerequestionedwhyOneofthemafullservingNATOColonelrepliedBy1998wehadeliminatedmostofIraqschemicalweaponrytensofthousandsofmunitionsandhundredsoftonsofweaponizedagents.Despitethisthereremainedconcerns.1.Iraqsmustardgaswasalmostpure2.Inshellsithadashelflifeofdecades3.Itwaseasytoproduceandloadintomunitions4.ItwasneverreallyestablishedhowmanyshellsremainedstockpiledorburiedTheconcernamongstoldcolleaguesnowisnotjusttheproximityofterrorisminSyriatothesechemicalsortherecruit-mentofex-Iraqiinsurgentstoorganizationsthatareincreasinglybecomingpara-militariesbuttheproximityofthewartoHezbollahsDroneProgram.Thefourmainareasofresearchsetoutto1assesstheseriousnessofthethreat2gaugetheperceivedvalueofdronestoterrorists3explorehowfaritisbelievedthatterroristsareactivelydevelopingadronecapabilityand4determinethelevelofconsensusastotheimplicationsofsuchatransformationofterrorismweretheyhappeningortooccur.TheanalysisinthisreportdemonstratesthattheuseofUAVsforweapondeliverypurposesandsurveillanceisseriousandanachievabledesiredtaskforterroristsUAVswillenableterroriststostrikeattheirenemiesinwaysthatareasyetundetermined.Moreoverthetechnicaldevelopmentandproliferationofunmannedaerialvehiclesformilitaryandcivilianpurposeswillcontributetothegrowthofthisthreat.Ithasalsobeendemonstratedthatdronesareofincalculablevaluetoterroristsandthatterroristsarebelievedtobedevelopingadronecapability.Asfortheimplications1.TheuseofUAVstodeliverchemicalweaponsposesarealrisk.2.Smallconventionalpayloadswouldcauseseveredestruction.3.Themostlikelythreatwillcomefromimprovisedandassembleddronesasopposedtooff-the-shelfproducts.4.ExistingairdefensesystemsareoflittleuseagainstsmallfastflyingUAVs.ForfurtheranswersontheessenceofterrorismanditspropensitytousedronespracticalacademicstatesponsoredresearchthatisbasedonprimaryresourcesandwithinanhistoricalcontextisdesperatelyneedednotarepeatoftherecentmilieuofindividuallylaunchedcategoriesanddenominationsofterrorismresearchinwhichthedistinctionshavebeenlargelyartificialpoliticallychargedandinanycaseusurpedbytheArabSpringof2010andeventssubsequenttothefallofZineElAbidineBenAliHosniMubarakAliAbdullahSalehandMuammarGaddafi.YesNo6228No.StatementImpossibleUnlikelyPossibleVeryPossible46Highlighthoweasyitwouldbetodeliverchemicalweaponsbydrones.6126418Conclusions 38TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Unfortunatelyaftertheattackof911terrorism-researchdescendedintoanindustrythatwaspolicyledandpartisannew-terrorismbecamethefreshgenustowhichmanyspeciesofterroristwereassignedbyprivatelyfundedresearchandwealth-drivenpublications.Itwasdeemedtobeunlikeanythinghithertowitnessedandofsuchlethalityandcomplexitythatnothingpastcomparedtoit.ItsgoalsasHoffmanstatedwerealmosttranscendental.InconjunctionwithG.FryscontendingimagesofworldpoliticswhatFukayamacalledtheEndofHistoryandHuntingtontheClashofCivilizationstheconsequenceofthisschoolofthoughthasputlivesatriskespeciallywithregardstodronesbyoverestimatingthecapa-bilitiesofterroriststodeployWMD15overthelastdecadetheircapabilitiestodeploydronesinthisdecadehaveasadirectconsequencebeenseriouslyunderestimated.Inshorttherewaslittlenewaboutnew-terrorismandtheapocalypticrhetoricofmuchpost-911literaturehenceneedstobeshelvedifthethreatposedbydronesistobeadequatelyaddressed.Old-TerrorismissimplytooriddledwithaccountsofmasscasualtiesRIRAOmagh1998theindiscriminatetargetingofciviliansIRALondon1939utopiandreamsRedBrigadesdivinelyinspiredgoalsZealotsandThuggeesindeedallthetraitsthatarethehallmarksofnew-terrorism.SimplyputifthethreatofdronesisdismissedonthebasisofpastexaggerationsandpolicydrivenacademicstheWestwillbeunpreparedforthefirstdroneattack.Tosummarisetheargumentforterroristsnotusingdronesisnotjustblightedbyhistoricalprecedentsartificialparam-etersprematurejudgementsandthoseonthefront-linefightingterrorismbuttheX-factoroftheunknownforexamplehowwilltheyouthoftodayrespondtoJihadin20yearsUnderstandingnotjustthehistoryofterrorismbutterrorismasapoliticalmodernphenomenonishenceofparamountimportanceandsalienttounderstandingitsrecentpara-militarizationandhowpracticalresearchcanbeappliedtothequestion.Toconcludealthoughnewhi-tech-terrorismisaverydifferentcreaturetooldlow-tech-terrorismtheconsensusacrossNATOisthatitisverymuchofthesamespeciesandthatitscapac-itytousedronesliesinitsblood.1PressTVLiveEventRecording-October112012httpwww.youtube.comwatchvbGc_4M0iCWwAccessed0703132Conferencecallwithreporters220113SpeakersAdmiralDennisBlairFormerDirectorofNationalIntelligenceMicahZenkoandDouglasDillonFellow.Transcripthttpwww.cfr.orgcounterterrorismus-drone-strike-policiesp29849Accessed1204133httpwww.jftc.nato.intJFTC20Magazine3index.htmlpg.424httpwww.thetimes.co.ukttonewsukdefencearticle3727927.ece5MajorShannonBeebe291008Transcripthttpwww.defense.govdodcmsshareBloggerAssets2008-1010300809453720081029_MAJBeebe_transcript.pdfAccessed0401136DepartmentofDefenseCapstoneConceptforJointOperationsVersion3WashingtonDCDepartmentofDefenseJanuary1520091-187UPI.com250113httpwww.upi.comTop_NewsWorld-News20130125Expert-Terrorists-may-start-using-dronesUPI-64791359102600Accessed1703138TheGuardian05062012httpwww.guardian.co.ukworld2012jun05al-qaida-drone-attacks-too-broadAccessed151220129RobertM.GatesABalancedStrategyReprogrammingthePentagonforaNewAgeForeignAffairsJanuaryFebruary2009httpwww.defense.govhomefeatures20090509_qdrgates-article.htmlAccessed1402201310TestimonystatementbyD.M.GormleybeforetheSubcommitteeonInternationalSecurityProliferationandFederalServicesoftheU.S.SenateCommitteeonGovernmentalAffairsFebruary122002httpwww.google.comurlsatrctjqesrcsfrm1sourcewebcd2ved0CDQQFjABurlhttp3A2F2Fwww.hsgac.senate.gov2Fdownload2F3Fid3D8d073fbe-fcda-4c8e-864c-82fbcb9fd456eimK6MUbLdIIiltAaHh4DwAwusgAFQjCNEI0nKMrEeRQc94luOuUqLmpT3h3QAccessed1712201211CNN08102012httpedition.cnn.com20121001opinionbergen-world-of-dronesAssessed1402201312FirstPersonView13ObservationsfromAboveUnmannedAircraftSystemsandPrivacyHarvardJournalofLawandPublicPolicyVolume36Issue2Spring201314TheTimes01042013httpwww.thetimes.co.ukttonewsukdefencearticle3727927.eceAccessed0404201315LaqueurwasnotaloneinthisschoolofthoughtseeLesseretal.1999Neumann2009Juergensmeyer2000Hoffman2002andKegley2002. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201339TheChangeofPostCeremonyattheJointForceTrainingCentreAfterthreeyearsofdedicatedser-viceattheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCBrigadierGeneralJaromrZnatheCentresDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffbidfarewelltotheCityofBydgoszcz.On25JulyhehandedoverhisresponsibilitiestotheHungarianBrigadierGeneralLszlSzab.TheChangeofPostCeremonytookplaceattheJFTCcompoundandgatheredmanyhighrankedrepresentativesoftheCzechHungarianandPolishmilitaryworldaswellaslocalauthori-tiesandtheCentresfriends.InthepresenceofLieutenantGeneralPetrPaveltheChiefoftheGeneralStaffoftheCzechArmedForcesandRearAdmiralWaldemarGuszkotheDeputyChiefoftheGeneralStaffofthePolishArmedForcesMajorGeneralPavelMackotheJFTCCommanderthankedGeneralZnaforgreatcoop-erationandwelcomedhissuccessoronboard.Althoughwesaythatthesuccessofcom-mandersandthekeyleadersisalwaysresultingfromhardworkofallsubordinatedmembersoftheunitittakesanextraordinaryleadershipandeffortoftheleadertoachieveit.GeneralZnahasbeensuchaleaderwhohastremendouslycontributedtothesuccessandhighestevercreditthattheJFTCtodayhasinthewholeNATO-saidGeneralMackoandaddedGeneralZnasremarkablecontributionwillbeforeverwritteninthehistoryoftheJFTCwithgoldenletters.DuetohisinitiativeandunreservedpersonalinvolvementwehavedevelopedverycomplexandeffectiveplanningsystemforthewholeJFTCwithoutwhichwewouldnotbeablenowadaystomanageevergrowingintensityofourtrainingsupportandothersignificantactivities.AddressingtheoutgoingDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffdirectlyGeneralMackosaidJaromrweallcongratulateyouYouhaveaccomplishedyourmissioninanextraordinarymanner.ThankyouforyoursupportThankyouforyourunforgettablecontributiontothiscentreandNATOcommunityhereinBydgoszczthankyouforyourdedicatedserviceandsupporttotheAllianceAlsoGeneralZnaturnedtothedistin-guishedguestandtheJFTCstafftosharehisthoughtsandgoodmemoriesrelatedtotheCentretheHostNationandtheCityofBydgoszcz.OneofthelargestNATOprojectsofthelastdecadevestedwiththemissionofagreatimportancefortheAllianceswiftlydevelopingfromalmostnoth-ingtoeverythinginjustafewyearssoakedwiththezealforinnovativesolutionsandfortunatewiththeplethoraofgoodmotivationsamongthepeopleservingandworkingattheJFTC.GeneralZnadescribedthecentreandpromisedthathisdedicationtotheJFTCwouldnotendwiththeendRadosawaKubiczekJFTCPublicAffairsSpecialist 40TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013ofhisserviceinBydgoszcz.DuringmytourofdutyIhavebeenstrivingtodoasmuchasIcouldfortheJFTCwithintheconfinesofmyposition.ThatmeansthatIstillconsidermymissionasayetunfinishedbookandthereforeIamobligatedtosupporttheJFTCanditsmissionevenaftermyofficialdeparturethroughvarietyofmeansandfromwherevermynextassignmentsmaytakeme.ThatisthelegacyIamtakingwithmeandthisismypromisetoallofyou-saidtheoutgoingDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffandstressedthathewoulddohisbesttosustainprofessionallinkswithJFTCandtobecomearegularvisitortothecityofBydgoszcz.AttheendofhisspeechGeneralZnaaddressedallthosewhohadsup-portedhimduringhisserviceattheJFTCLetmeexpressmydeepestgratitudetoallthemem-bersoftheJFTCTeamforyourcollegialityandfriendship.IamalsogratefulforallthesupportIreceivedfromtherepresentativebodiesoftheCzechRepublicinPolandnamelytheEmbassyoftheCzechRepublicinWarsawandtheConsulateoftheCzechRepublicinBydgoszcz.IwillalsocherishinmyheartthefriendshipofsomanyofmyPolishfriendswhoIhadtheprivilegetomeetduringmytourofserviceattheJFTC.PleaseacceptfromsomebodywhohasbeenforthelastthreeyearsatthehelmoftheinstitutionmysincerewishofallthebestandmanyfutureachievementstoallofyoutothisinstitutionandthecityofBydgoszczwhichhasbecamemysecondhome.TheCzechpartyexpressedtheirspecialthankstotheHonoraryConsuloftheCzechRepublicinBydgoszczMr.DariuszZimnyandtoMajorGeneralZbigniewTok-KosowskitheChiefoftheInspectoratefortheSupportofthePolishArmedForces.LieutenantGeneralPetrPavelpresentedtheHonoraryConsulwiththeLaudiMemorabilisawardandGeneralTok-KosowskiwasdecoratedwiththeGeneralJUDr.ViktorSpevacekHonoraryMedalofLogisticsoftheArmedForcesoftheCzechRepublic.TheoutgoingDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffsoutstandingperformanceattheJFTCwasrecognizedbyPolandandtheCzechRepublic.HewasawardedwiththeGoldenMedalofthePolishArmedForcesRearAdmiralGuszkodecoratedGeneralZnaonbehalfofthePolishMinisterofDefenceandwiththeSilverCommemorativeMedaloftheSlovakArmedForcespresentedbyMajorGeneralPavelMackoonbehalfoftheSlovakMinisterofDefence.TheincomingDeputyCommanderChiefofStaffcongratulatedhispredecessor.WithintheshorthistoryoftheJFTCthisstaffhasgonethroughalmostunprecedenteddevelop-ment.TodaytheJFTCiswellestablishedwithinNATOsCommandStructureandhasbecomethefocalpointforongoingjointandcombinedtacticalleveltrainingofNATOforcescommand-ersandstaffs.GeneralZnacongratulationstoyouandthestaffunderyourstrongleadership.GeneralSzabpointedouthisprioritiesfortheserviceattheJFTC.Thecontinuityofeffortbeingthefirstone.Allordersdirectionsandguidanceissuedbymypredecessorremainfullyeffective.TheywillbechangedonlyafterdueconsiderationandstaffreviewifandwhenappropriatestressedGeneralSzab.Asthesecondpriorityenhancementofprofessionalismwaslisted.TheJFTCmustcontinuouslydevelopandtakeadvantageofitslevelofprofessional-ismgainedsofar.ItshouldbecomeapremiumplayerafirstchoiceforNATOcommanderswhenitcomestotrainingbeforeoperationalreadi-nessordeploymenttotheatre.AlsopromotionofNATOvaluesandstrengtheningtheJFTCcommunitywillbeGeneralSzabsmainfocus.Iamabsolutelyconfidentthatwithhisdis-tinguishedmilitaryexperienceaswellassuccessfulaccomplishmentofthecomplexmissionofthe TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201341chiefofstaffoftheheadquarterswhichcommand-edandcoordinatedrealoperationsofmorethan48thousandsecurityforcesonthegroundinNorthernAfghanistanGeneralSzabwilleasilymanagetotakeresponsibilityofourstaffpickupthemissionfromGeneralZnaandmovethebarfortheJFTCstaffevenhighersaidGeneralMackowelcom-inghisnewDeputyCommanderChiefofStaff.LszlyouarecomingtotheJFTCinaverychal-lengingtimeIneedyoutoputallyourexperi-enceandwisdomforthesuccessoftheJFTCteamstepforwardandassistmeandmysuccessorinleadingthiscapableteamtowardsnewchallengeswhichareaheadofus.theJFTCCommanderaddressedGeneralSzabandaddedIwishyoualotofsuccessandIamlookingforwardtoworkingcloselywithyou.Icanassureyouthatyouwillhavemyfullsupportaswellassupportandrespectfromallstaffmembers.WelcomeonboardBothoutgoingandincomingDeputyCommandersChiefsofStaffreceivedmanywarmwordsalsofromLieutenantGeneralPetrPaveltheChiefoftheGeneralStaffoftheCzechArmedForcesandRearAdmiralWaldemarGuszkotheDeputyChiefoftheGeneralStaffofthePolishArmedForceswhoalsopassedwishesfromLieutenantGeneralMieczysawGocutheChiefoftheGeneralStaffofthePolishArmedForcesandfromMr.TomaszSiemoniakPolishMinisterofNationalDefence.OtherdistinguishedguestswhoparticipatedintheceremonyincludingHisExcellencyJanSechtertheAmbasadoroftheCzechRepublictotheRepublicofPolandMrs.EwaMestheVoivodeoftheKujawsko-PomorskieProvinceMr.ukaszNiedwieckitheDeputyMayorofBydgoszczandMrs.AnnaMackiewicztheDeputyChairmanoftheCityCounciljoinedtobestwishesforGeneralZnaandGeneralSzab.MembersoftheJFTCandmem-bersoftheNATOcommunityinBydgoszcz-ithasbeenanhonortoservewithyousaidGeneralZnaattheendofhisspeech. 42TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Lastmonthinanunprecedentedchal-lengetotheBritishPrimeMinistersauthoritytheUKparliamentralliedtotheoppositionandvotedagainstthegovernmentscalltosupporttheUnitedStatesinanattackonSyriaapar-liamentarycoupdtatthatwasasingeniousinthemakingasitwasheinousinpractice.WhilsthoweveravictoryfortheplottersandtheundeniablefactthatDavidCameronandhisForeignSecretarylostadegreeofpoliticalcredibility-thepricethatwaspaidforthisentailedputtinghundredsifnotthousandsofinnocentlivesatrisk.Whatisofmoreconcernhoweveristhatthismightsomedayprovetohavebeenthedefiningmomentinanabout-turnonBritishForeignPolicyandhowthiscouldimpactontheworld.NomatterwhattheargumentsMilibandsDamascusPlotstandsasaneventofsuchpoliticalintransi-gencethatithastranscendedtheimmediatedebateovertheuseofchemicalweaponsinSyriabothhereandintheUnitedStatesanddividedtheUK-acountrydependentonanallianceinwhichitssupportofAmericaisfundamentaltosecurityacrossmuchoftheworldandacountrythatisshortlytovoteonleavingtheEuropeanUnion.Itcouldnothavecomeataworsepossiblemoment.JohnsonsLondonInDefenseoftheRealmAlthoughthereisunlikelytobeanylong-termadverseeffectontheUKsrelation-shipwiththeUnitedStatesithasnonethelessundergoneaprofoundchange.Moreimpor-tantlytheUnitedKingdomhasbeenacceler-atedtoacrossroadsthatithadhithertobeenapproachingwithcautionandthedirectionshetakesfromherewillhaveuntoldconsequencesforEuropeandNATO.ForSyriatheMiddleEastandtheworldonlytimewilltellwhatthisventurehascost.TheonlyrelativecomfortistheironythatLaboursplotmaysoonthrowthefutureofBritishForeignPolicyintothehandsoftheMayorofLondon.ComparedtotheGreatDisraelionlylastweekbyThatchersformerHomeSecretaryheisthemanwhohasbeenpresidingoverthecapitalandits16billionpoundbudgetforthepast5years.WeneedtoraiseoureyesbeyondEuropeandrekindleourrelationshipwiththeCommonwealthBorisJohnsonMayorofLondonLikeDisraeliJohnsonisagentlemanarogueofastatesmanandwithenoughcharmandcharismatocheerupEbenezerScroogehehasbroughtabrandofconservatismandaleaseoflifetoBritishpoliticsthathastrans-formedthecityofLondon.BornintheUnitedStatesandbredintheUnitedKingdomlikethatothergreatVictorianofthetimeDickensheisamasterofthelanguagetheyshareandwhatitactuallymeanstobeBritish.HehasalsobroughtleadershipvisionresultsandasaconsequencestandstodayattheheadofaformidableelectorateandacourtthathaslongbeenarallyingpointfortakingwhathehasachievedinLondontotherestofthecountrytorallyforaresurgentBritainaBritainwithavisionbeyondLondonaBritainwithavisionbeyondBrusselsaBritainwithavisionbeyondtheacceptedbeliefsoftheeliteaBritainwithavisionbeyondthatoftheUnitedStates.CommonwealthofNationsvsTheEuropeanUnionImportantlythoughJohnsonsvisionisnotaboutrevivingthepastorentertainingvain-gloriousthoughtsofEmpire.Johnsonsvisionisaboutthefutureandtowhichportsweareheaded.InfactoneonlyhastolookathispremiershipofLondonandtheglobalultra-modernmetropolisthatithasbecometoseehisvisionforBritain.ItisaboutthefactthatBritainremainseconomicallymilitarilyandpoliti-callyamajorforceintheworldthatBritaincontinuestobeasea-powerwithafleetof4nuclear-poweredballisticmissilesubmarinesVanguardVictoriousVigilantandVengeanceeacharmedwith16Trident2D-5ballisticmis-sileswitheachmissilecapableofdeliveringupto12warheadsmorethan4000mileswithanaccuracymeasuredinmetresthatBritainhasthesixthlargesteconomyintheworldandtheworldslargestfinancialcentrethatBritainhasanannualexpenditureonhermilitaryofsome60billiondollarsandthatBritainalong-sidetheUSRussiaChinaandFranceremainsapermanentveto-wieldingmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.JohnsonsBritainisaboutweighinganchoronthe20thCenturyandrealizingherpotentialforthe21st.WithoutduecarewhatthistranslatestofortheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatesisthepossibilityofaseismicshiftingeo-politicalalliances.ThereasonforthisisthatwithoutGreatBritaintheUnitedStateswouldceasetobeaEuropeanPowerandContinentalEuropewouldnotbetheEuropeweenjoytoday-itwouldbeanuntestedentityandpoliticallyeconomicallyandmilitarilyaweakerbloc-forirrespectiveofBritainscommitmenttotheEUProjectoverthelast40yearsithasbeenshapedandmoldedasmuchbywhatBritainhasdoneandnotdoneasanyotherEuropeanmember.TheUSandtheEUneedtotakenotebeitintheirbestinterestsornottheBritishmightwelljusthoisttheirflagandsetsailwithoutthem.RoadtoDamascusThattherelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandBritainhasbeenwiltingfordecadesBritishForeignPolicyontheRoadtoDamascusChristopherCharlesMcKeatingMilitaryAdvisorFutureForcesExhibitionConference2014EditorsnoteThisarticlewassubmittedonthebeginningofSeptember2013. TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201343andalthoughunexpectedthatlastmonthspoliticsdidnotcomeasanygreatsurpriseisnotthepoint.ThereasonforthisisthattheDamascusPlotisfarfromjustthelatestsnubinalonglineofspatsbetweentheallies.ItisdifferentinthatthistimeroundtheBritishelec-toraterepresentsanewgeneration.SimplyputadheringtodictatsfromBrusselsontheonehandandsecuringambitionsforWashingtonontheotherisanoldgamethatfewintheUKareanylongerinterestedinplaying.TocompoundthisthewarsofIraqandAfghanistanandtheaggressivenationalismoftheBushandObamaadministrationshaveprojectedanAmericathatisunrecognizablefromtheAmericaweknewjustafewdecadesago.WhatCameronhencefoundontheRoadtoDamascusandwhattheoppositiontookadvantageofwasthatthesocalledsharedvaluesandcommongoalsofAtlanticismaretodaylargelyperceivedtobelittleotherthanthedyingideologiesofatimeinwhichduringtheColdWarBritishinterestswereroutinelysacrificedtoUS-ledinitiatives.WithJohnsonsvisionhoweverthecountrycouldbeledbeyondthebureaucracyoftheEUbeyondtheinsularinterestsoftheUnitedStatesandbeyondthepoliticsoflongdeadpresidentsandwars.WithJohnsonsvisionBritaincouldrekindleitsrelationshipwiththeCommonwealthandwithpowerslikeIndiaonboardhaveamarkedeffectontheworld.WithJohnsonsvisionthecountrycouldonceagainsetsailEastoftheGhostsofSuez.EastoftheGhostsofSuezInfactwiththeForeignSecretaryhav-inglastyearcourtedCanadaAustraliaandNewZealandwithanetworkofCommonwealthEmbassiesthatvisionhasalreadybeenputintoplay.TocompounditsomeofthebiggestgainsinUKexportsoverthelasttwoyearshavebeentoCommonwealthcoun-tries.Indeedwithanestimatedpopulationof2.245billionalmost22oftheworldslandmassandwithcountriessuchasCanadaAustraliaSouthAfricaandNewZealandandanominalgrossdomesticproductof10tril-liontheopportunitiesforBritainareobvious.MoreoverwithglobalizationandaworldinwhichtheColdWarhasbeendeadforaquarterofacenturyincreasingco-operationbetweentheEnglishspeakingcountriesoftheoldEmpireandtheother50countriesoftheCommonwealthmakesmoresensetodaythanithaseverdone.EconomicallymilitarilyandpoliticallyarevivaloftheCommonwealthisalsoanattractiveproposalfortheother53membersespeciallythe16ofwhichQueenElizabethremainstheHeadofState.Butitisnotjustthemagneticqualitiesofthetransformedinternationalscenethatiscaus-ingtheJohnsonstopulltheUKfromitsanchoragebetweentheUSandtheEUitisverymuchtheBritishpeoplethemselves.Thereasonforthisisnottheoft-quotednostalgiaforEmpireoranyrealfearsoverlossofsovereigntytoBrussels.NorisitthemachinationsofwhatistheworldsthirdlargestnetworkofembassiesanddiplomaticmissionsthattheUKhasacrosstheglobe.Itissomethingsimpler.ThefactisthattobeBritishtodayentailsallegiancetoapoliticalidentitythattranscendsracecreedcolourandtoadegreestate.LikeLondonortheBritishMonarchywhichwiththe16CommonwealthRealmsisineffectaninternationalinstitu-tioninitselftodaysUKisacountrythatisinherentlyinternationalinherentlyglobalandinherentlyasea-power.Injustthelasttenyearsforexamplethenumberofforeign-borncitizensofEnglandandWaleshasrisenbynearly3millionto7.5millionpeople.InfactthroughbirthsandimmigrationtheUKhasthefastestgrowingpopulationinEurope.LikeJohnsonsLondonandglobalisedtradetheCommonwealthhasbeenbuiltuponlayeruponlayerofsoft-powerwiththeUK-acen-turyofbusinessrelationshipsthattranscendpoliticalrelationshipsandanetworkthatispeopledrivenentrepreneurialandyoung.WithoneintenBritishsoldiersbeingfromtheCommonwealthevenitsarmedforceshavebeeninternationalized.InawayJohnsonsLondonhasbecomeamacrocosmoftheworldinamicrocosmoftheworldanEmpireinitself.Asaresultandasreflectedinthestag-geringriseofNigelFaragesUKIndependencePartythefirstCoalitionGovernmentsincetheSecondWorldWarandJohnsonscallstoonceagainsetsailbeyondEuropetheDamascusPlothasacceleratedtheinevitableandputboththeUnitedStatesandGreatBritainintoapositionthatneitherstatewasreadytohandle.EvenjointstrikesonSyrianowandattemptstorepairthespecialrelationshipwouldbemetwithskepticismandresignationanddemandsforashiftbacktoacloserpartner-shipwithEuropewouldbetoolittletoolate.UnfortunatelyasadirectresultofMilibandsCouptheendofAtlanticismtheconceptofanAtlanticCommunityinwhichBritainwasuniquely-placedcoulddisappearwiththetide.TheGhostofLibyaWhilstofcoursetheUnitedStatesandNATOwouldundoubtedlyremainvaluableasaframeworkforinter-cooperationandregionalsecurityfightingforNATOled-objectiveswouldappealtofewandthecostsforEuropeparticularlyforthosecountriesthatjoinedNATOafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnionwouldbehigh.ThekeycostforEuropeini-tiallyislikelytobedefenseexpenditure.ForalthoughtheEuropeanArmyortheEUsabilitytoprojectitselfdoesnotworkterriblywellwiththeBritishitwouldnotworkwith-outthemeither.ThereasonforthisisthattherealityofthematteristhatBritainhasprovidedover20oftheaveragenumberoftroopsdeployedfromtheEUandasimilarpercentageonmilitaryexpenditureforyears.FurthermorewhatLibyashowedwasthatwhilstEuropewasabletoinitiateaUNmandatedinterventionitwasnotabletofollowitthroughpoliticallyormilitarilyGermanyabstainedfromthevotethatmandatedtheactionandwithoutthelogis-ticsoftheUnitedStateswhatwasachievedwouldnothavebeenpossible.UnfortunatelyiftheUnitedStatescontinuestoshiftitsstrategicfocustothePacificandJohnsonsBritainbecomesarealitytheEUhenceriskstheveryrealpossibilitythatiffacedbyacrisisthatisoflittleimportancetotheUSagaintheywillbestandingalonewithoutanarmy.ConclusionNoneofthisshiftinBritishpolicyathomeandbeyondwillbeeasy.ButthereissimplynorealalternativefortheUK-asaresultofthevoteonDamascusitisrapidlyaccelerat-ingtowardsashiftinitsalliancestradeandforeignpolicy.EuropeandtheUnitedStateshencehavetorecognizethattheassump-tionsonwhichBritishForeignPolicyhasrestedsincetheSuezCrisis-aprivilegedbutdependentrelationshipwiththeUnitedStatesandaclosebutdetachedaffairwiththeEuropeanContinent-haveoutlivedtheirshelf-life.WithoutacknowledgingandaddressingthisthecountrywillsimplyvoteforJohnsonandredevelopitsrelationshipwiththeother53Commonwealthmembers. 44TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013MajorGeneralNeykoNenovwasbornin1961inTrankovoYamboldistrict.HismilitaryeducationincludesVasilLevskiNationalMilitaryAcademyVelikoTarnovoBulgariaGeneralStaffFacultyG.S.RakovskiNationalDefenseAcademySofiaBulgariaUnitedStatesArmyWarCollegeCarlisleBarracksPennsylvania.HealsoholdsamastersdegreeinLawfromtheSt.CyrilandSt.MethodiusUniversityofVelikoTarnovoBulgaria.GeneralNenovstartedhismilitarycareerasaplatoonleaderofaMotorizedInfantryRegimentin1985consequentlyholdingallcommandpositionsinBulgarianLandForcesunits.From2005to2010heheldavarietyofseniorcommandposi-tionsatnationalandinternationalleveltoincludeCommanderSouthEasternEuropeBrigadeSEEBRIGRomaniacommanderMultinationalBrigadeKabulunderISAFcommandandChiefofStaffNATOJointForceTrainingCenterBydgoszczPoland.MajorGeneralNeykoNenovassumedresponsibilityastheCommanderoftheBulgarianLandForceson1November2012.MajorGeneralNeykoNenovCommanderoftheBulgarianLandForcesMajorGeneralNeykoNenovCommanderoftheBulgarianLandForcesFortheServiceintheCentreFromJuly182008toJuly222010IhadthehonortoserveastheChiefofStaffinNATOJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCBydgoszczPoland.ItwasanimmenselydynamicperiodbothintermsofreachingfulloperationalcapabilitiesFOCoftheJFTCsTrainingfacilitiesrelocatingthepersonnelfromitstemporarylocationinDwernickiegoStreettoitspermanentlocationonSzubiskaStreetandthelaunchofthemostadvancedatthattimecommandinformationsystem.Thenthetrainingfocusedprimar-ilyonNATOcurrentoperations.InthisregardapilotcourseofOMLTaboveKandakleveltrainingstartedinOctober2008forthefirsttimeinthenewtrainingfacilities.Itwasfollowedbyapre-deploy-menttrainingofindividualaugmenteestafffortheRegionalCommandsSouthandNorthHeadquartersandMissionRehearsalExercisesofISAFRegionalCommandsSouthandNorthHeadquartersforthefirsttimeinBydgoszcz.ThecapabilitiesoftheJFTCtrainingfacilitiesandpromotingthem TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201345withinNATOcommunityenabledtheconductofvariousforumsconfer-encesandcoursessuchastheAlliedCommandTransformationMilitaryMemberoftheyear2008selection9-thInternationalSeniorNonCommissionedOfficersSymposium2009AlliedCommandOperationsElectronicWarfareConferencesAlliedCommandTransformationsManpowerConferenceAlliedCommandTransformationsPublicAffairsConferencetwoCounter-ImprovisedExplosiveDeviceCoursesetc.whichtheJFTChadthepleasuretohost.BeingaNATOCrownJeweltheJointForceTrainingCentreattractedtheinterestofmanyseniorleadersanditwasvisitedbytheNATOSecretaryGeneralAndersFoghRasmussenthePolishMinisterofDefense-Mr.BogdanKlichtheSupremeAlliedCommanderTransformations-GeneralStephaneAbrialtheCommanderoftheJointForcesCommandBrunssum-GeneralEgonRammstheAlliedCommanderTransformationDeputyChiefofStaffJointForcesTrainer-LTGKarlheinzViereckACTDeputyChiefofStaffforCapabilityDevelopment-ViceAdmiralCarolPottenger.Alongwithallthesechallengeswestrivedforpromotingthecommunityspiritamongthenationsengaged.In2009theJointForceTrainingCentreAlliedClubwasofficiallyopenedfollowedbythefirstJFTCBalltheorganizationofwhichhasbecomeawonderfultradition.ForthePeopleandtheTeamIWorkedWithAsaChiefofStaffIhadachancetoworkwithextremelywellpreparedprofessionalsandexperiencedofficers.Asyouarewellawarethesuccessfulperformanceoftheleaderisduetoagreatextenttotheexcellentinteractionanddedicationofhissubordinatestaff.IwouldliketomentionafewnamesColonelJohnOHeyandLieutenantColonelDietmarHenkewithwhomweworkedverysuccessfullyandimplement-edallplannedtrainingeventsatanexcep-tionallyhighlevel.IfmytourofdutyhasbeenassessedasuccessfuloneIamplacingmyassis-tantsandthemembersofmyteamthecreditforthesuccess.AmongthemIcanmentionDirectorsofStaffOperationsDOSOLieutenantColonelDanielPetetersonandMatthewDePirrowhostayedbymysideandonwhomIreliedinmyeverydaywork.ThankstoGeneralBagerscompe-tentguidanceandleadershipandAdmiralZarychtaspersonalcommitmentwehaveraisedtheJFTCsrolecredibilityandrecognitionwithintheAlliance.Iamhappythatinthecourseofourjointworknotonlydidestablishwonderfulworkingrelationshipsbutmadegoodfriendsaswell.FortheHostNationIhavenodoubtatallthatoneofthemainreasonsforustosucceedisthewholeheartedsupportandwarmhos-pitalitywewereofferedinBydgoszczPoland.ExcellentcooperationwiththeHostNationcivilianandmilitaryauthori-tiesatnationalandlocallevelsalsocon-tributedtothesuccessfulexecutionoftheCentresmission.Iamhappytohavehadtheopportu-nitytoserveinafriendlycountryandinawonderfulcitywhichcanboastofarichhistoricalandculturalheritagewherebesidesthehardworkwehadachancetoenjoynumerouslocalandinternationaleventsofcultureandsports.Bydgoszczhasalwaysfascinatedmeasbeingveryaliveandfullofspecialatmosphereofferingplentyofentertainmentandrec-reationopportunities.FranklyspeakingmyserviceinPolandisatimewhichIwillalwaysrememberwithdelightandsatisfaction.ForthePersonalContributionTakingoverthepositionoftheJFTCChiefofStafffrommyprede-cessorBrigadierGeneralPanagiotisMavropoulosIreceivedaverygoodlegacyintermsofrunningtheroutinetasksandorganizingthetrainingpro-cess.DifferentchallengeslikeapplyingtheJFTCsneworganizationalstructureaswellasvarioustrainingeventscon-ferencesandvisitsheldattheJFTCnewtrainingfacilitieshelpedtofurtherdeveloptheseprocessesandtounitetheJFTCsbranchesandmembersofallnations.ItwasatimeofhardworkanditsoutcomeIpersonallyfindassumma-rizedinthespeechofJFTCcommanderMajorGeneralBagerduringmyfarewellceremonyYouhavebeenagreatChief.IhavealwaysfeltverycomfortablehavingyoubymysidetosupportmeadvisemeandproperlyexplainthingswhenIwasonthebrinkofdoingsomethingunrea-sonable.Yourloyaltycouldneverbedisputedandyourabilitytoseethingsfromdifferentperspectiveswasreallyexceptional.Certainlythereisalwaysroomforimprovementanditismyhopethatoursuccessorswillcontinuetodevelopandbuilduponourachievements.FortheExperienceGainedDuringtheAssignmentIhavealwaysconsideredworkinginamultinationalenvironmentextremelysignificantandhugelyrewardingnotonlyfromaprofessionalperspectivebutfromapersonalpointofviewaswell.Notonlyareyougivenachancetoacquirediffer-entmethodsandworkingpatternsbutalsotobroadenanddevelopyourknowledgeofdifferentculturescustomsandtradi-tionssomethingthatgoeshandinhandwithworkingwithrepresentativesofdif-ferentnations.UndoubtedlyIhavealwaystriedtousethenewmethodsandusefulpatternsIhavelearnedwhileworkinginmultina-tionalenvironmentinmydailyroutineinsuchawaythatitwouldhelpraisetheinteroperabilityoftheBulgarianLandForces. 46TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013TheInternationalSchoolofBydgoszczISOBseekstodevelopstudentsoftheworldthroughtheInternationalBaccalaureateOrganizationspro-grammesPrimaryYearsandMiddleYearsWhatmakestheISOBinternationalIsitthecurriculumthatincludesstudyofdifferentculturesoraninternationalbodyofstudentsMaybeacanteenwhichservesfoodsofdifferentcountriesWhatdoschoolsinBombayIndiaorinBerlinGermanyandfinallyourInternationalSchoolofandinBydgoszczPolandhaveincommonTheansweristheInternationalBaccalaureateOrganisationsprogrammeswhichdefine10mostimportantattributesofanInternationalPersonandprovidetheanswertoWhatwewantstudentstolearn.TheInternationalSchoolofBydgoszczisaNon-PublicGeneralEducationalComplexoftheUniversityofKazimierzWielkiformedon2March2009andsitu-atedat23GaczyskiegoStreet-BonieBydgoszcz.ThecomplexconsistsofPrivatePrimarySchool-InternationalSchoolofBydgoszczPrivateMiddleSchool-InternationalSchoolofBydgoszczPrivateHighSchool-InternationalSchoolofBydgoszczPrivatePre-Schoolfromage5ButletscomebacktothequestionWhatdowewantstudentstolearn.Weareawarethatourstudentscannotpos-siblylearneverythingbythetimetheyleaveschoolbutthatiswhywecaninstillinthemthedesiretokeepquestioningthroughouttheirlives.ManyparentspossiblynoticedtheIBLearnersProfiledisplayedontheschoolwalls.Theprofilehelpsourstudentsandteachersestablishgoalsplanunitsofinquiryandfinally-toassessperformance.TheISOBstudentscontributetodiscus-sionsinameaningfulway.Theydonotshyawayfromchallengingquestionsandoncetheyknowtheanswertheyfollowupask-ingwhyTheProgrammerequiresourteacherstowriteasingleconcisesentenceexpressingagloballysignificantcentralideathatistrulyuniversalandthereforeworthstudyingbyanyschoolintheworld.PrimarySchoolPupilsTheIBPrimaryYearsProgramPYPisdesignedforstudentsaged5to12grades0-5.Itisatransdisciplinaryprogrammeofinternationaleducationdesignedtofosterthedevelopmentofachild.Itfocusesonthetotalgrowthofthedevelopingchildtouch-ingheartsaswellasmindsandencompass-ingsocialphysicalemotionalandculturalneedsinadditiontoacademicdevelopment.ThePYPcurriculumhasaninternationalperspectivewherethediversityofstudentexperiencesandbackgroundsiswelcomed.APYPschoolstrivestowardsdevelopinganinternationallymindedpersonwhodemon-stratestheattributesoftheLearnersProfileandrepresentsqualitiesofalife-longlearner.FromEarlyPubertytoMid-AdolescenceTheagefrom11to16isacrucialperiodofpersonalsocialandintellectualdevelop-mentofuncertaintyandquestioning.TheMiddleYearsProgrammeMYPisdesignedtoguidestudentsintheirsearchforasenseofplaceintheirnaturalandsocialenviron-ments.ThroughhighlightingtheimportanceofApproachestoLearningATLtheMYPfocusesstudentsonhowtheylearnandhelpsthemfindoutaboutthemselvesaslearnerssothattheycandeveloplearningskills.TheMYPprovidesanacademicframeworkthatencouragesstudentstoembraceandunder-standtheconnectionsbetweentraditionalsubjectsandtherealworldandbecomecriticalandreflectivethinkers.ImisawaGrskathePrincipaloftheISoBBecomingInternational TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201347WhatareISOBstudentslikeWearesurethatourpupilswillbecomeinternationallymindedpersonsInquirers.Theydeveloptheirnaturalcuriosity.Theyacquireskillsnec-essarytoconductinquiryandresearchandshowindepen-denceinlearning.Theyactivelyenjoylearningandthisloveoflearningwillbesustainedthroughouttheirlives.Knowledgeable.Theyexploreconceptsideasandissuesthathavelocalandglobalsignificance.Indoingsotheyacquirein-depthknowledgeanddevelopunderstandingacrossabroadandbalancedrangeofdisciplines.Thinkers.Theyexerciseinitiativeinapplyingthinkingskillscriticallyandcreativelytorecognizeandapproachcomplexproblemsandmakereasonedethicaldecisions.Communicators.Theyunderstandandexpressideasandinformationconfi-dentlyandcreativelyinmorethanonelanguageandinavarietyofmodesofcommunication.Theyworkeffectivelyandwillinglyincollaborationwithothers.Principled.Theyactwithintegrityandhonestywithastrongsenseoffairnessjusticeandrespectfordignityofanindividualgroupsandcommunities.Theytakeresponsibilityfortheirownactionsandtheconsequencesthataccompanythem.Open-minded.Theyunderstandandappreciatetheirownculturesandareopentoperspectivesvaluesandtraditionsofotherindividu-alsandcommunities.Theyareaccustomedtoseekingandevaluatingarangeofpointsofviewandarewillingtogrowfromtheexperience.Caring.Theyshowempathycompassionandrespecttowardsneedsandfeelingsofothers.Theyhavepersonalcommitmenttoserviceandacttomakeapositivedifferencetolivesofoth-ersandtotheenvironment.Risk-takers.Theyapproachnewsituationsanduncertaintywithcourageandforethoughtandhaveindependenceofspirittoexplorenewrolesideasandstrategies.Theyarebraveandarticulateindefendingtheirbeliefs.Balanced.Theyunderstandtheimportanceofintellectualphysicalandemotionalbalancetoachievepersonalwell-beingforthem-selvesandothers.IBstudentsareactiveparticipantsinawiderangeofaspectsofcampuslifeaswellasfocusingontheiracademicdevel-opment.Reflective.Theygivethoughtfulconsiderationtotheirownlearningandexperienceandareabletoassessandunderstandtheirstrengthsandlimitationsinordertosup-porttheirlearningandpersonaldevelopment. 48TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013NewYearsReceptionWithcloseto100guestsinclud-ingseveralmembersofPolishParliamentMrs.EwaMestheVoivodeofKujawsko-PomorskieProvinceMr.RafaBruskitheMayorofBydgoszcznumerousrepresenta-tivesofmilitaryandcivilianorganizationstheJointForceTrainingCentreinauguratedanotherbusyyear.TheNewYearsReceptionthattookplaceon18Januarycreatedaperfectoppor-tunitytosummarizetheCentresworkin2012togiveanoverviewoftheJFTCCommandersplanfor2013andtomeetwithallauthoritiesandinstitutionsthatsupportedthecentrethroughout2012.BydgoszczNATOUnitVolleyballCompetitionThiswasthethirdtimethatavolley-ballcontestinvolvingNATOorganizationsinBydgoszcztookplace.The3rdNATOSignalBattalion3NSBtheNATOJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCandtheJFTCSupportUnitdelegatedtheirteamsforthecompetition.Theteamsplayedroundmatchesandsettheorderbasedontheresultoftheroundplayqualifications.The3NSBnomi-natedtwoteamssothechancewashighthatthistimetheywouldbeabletowintheChampionsCupandtakeitfromtheJFTCSupportUnitwhoactuallyhadwonthelasttwoevents.Howevertheultimateeffortwasnotthereyettodefeatthem.ThefinalresultwasthattheJFTCSupportUnitplayedwellanddeservedtheChampionCupthisyearthesecondplacewentto3NSBTeamOneandtheJFTCgotthebronzemedal.Theeventtookplacebetween19and21February. TheBestoftheBesttheJFTCCommandersAwardsforExcellence2012wasoneofthebusiestandoneofthemostsuccessfulyearsinthewholehistoryoftheJointForceTrainingCentre.Numeroustrainingeventsexerciseswork-shopsandconferencesfollowedoneanotherandkepttheJFTCstaffworkingatfullspeedforthetwelvemonths.Theintensityofworkcreatedagreatchallengeforthecentrespersonnelbutduetotheirhighestprofession-alismandcommitmenttheJFTCmanagedtoconducttheeventssmoothlyandcompletedalltaskssuccessfully.AlltheseinspiredtheJFTCCommandertoestablishanewtraditionforthecentretheannualJFTCCommandersAwardsforExcellence.On14February2013forthefirsttimeMajorGeneralPavelMackoawardedandhonouredthebestsevenmembersofhisstaff.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201349LifeattheJFTC2013inRetrospect 50TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013Conflict-Crisis--War.ScholarlyConferenceoftheKazimierzWielkiUniversityandtheJFTCConflict-Crisis-War.SecurityinGlobalandRegionalPerspectivethiswasthesubjectofascholarlyconferencethattookplacebetween9and10AprilinRunowoKrajeskie.ThisjointeffortoftheKazimierzWielkiUniversityUKWandtheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCgatheredcloseto50participantsandcreatedaplat-formfordiscussionsfocusingontheoreticalandpracticalsecurityconcepts.The7thJFTCInternationalDayItwasaperfectdayforaneventlikethis.OnabeautifulsunnyFriday17Mayaround400peoplesoldiersandciviliansworkingatallNATOentitiesinBydgoszcztogetherwiththeirfamiliesbutalsotheJFTCfriendsandguestsarrivedintheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentrecompoundtocelebratethe7thInternationalDay.Withnationalstandsteamswearingnationalcolorsloudmusicandahugeplay-groundforchildrenthisishowtheJFTCtheNATOCommunicationandInformationAgencySquadronBydgoszczthe3rdNATOSignalBattaliontheJFTCSupportUnittheAlliedCommandCounterintelligenceandtheJFTCNationalSupportElementscultivatedoneofthebestBydgoszczNATOannualtraditions.14nationsAlbaniaBulgariaCzechRepublicEstoniaFranceGermanyHungaryItalyLithuaniaPolandSlovakiaSpainTurkeyandtheUSApromotedtheircountrieswithregionalfoodbeveragessmallgiveawaysandtouristinformation. TheJFTCBallCharityLotterySupportedtheSalusHominiFoundationFollowingtheJointForceTrainingCentresannualtraditionanothercharitylotterywasorganizedduringthe4thJFTCBallinNovember2012.Allparticipantsoftheballopenedtheirheartsandwalletsandcollectedalmost5000PLNwiththeaimofhelpingpeopleinneed.ThistimetheJFTCsupportedtheSalusHominiFoundation.On18ApriltheJFTCDeputyCommanderandChiefofStaffBrigadierGeneralJaromrZnaaccompaniedbyMrs.AlinaZimnytheHonoraryConsulsrepresentativemetwithMrs.DobrosawaJedynaktheSalusHominiPresidentandhandedoveraprojectorawallscreenthreeairanti-bedsoresmattressesandalaptop.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201351LifeattheJFTC2013inRetrospect 52TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013TheJointForceTrainingCentreBidFarewelltoBrigadierGeneralGrzegorzBuszkaFormerJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCDeputyCommanderandLiaisonOfficertotheHostNationBrigadierGeneralGrzegorzBuszkacompletedhisserviceattheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentre.On22ApriltheJFTCmembersbidfarewelltoGeneralBuszkathankedhimforhisdedi-catedserviceandwishedhimalotofsuccessinthefuture.Iamnotsayinggoodbyebutseeyousoon.saidtheJFTCCommanderMajorGeneralPavelMackotoGeneralBuszka.ButIamsurethatyouwillremainincloserelationshipwiththeJFTC.Youareamem-berofthecentreandyouwillalwaysbewel-comehere.GeneralMackoalsohighlightedGeneralBuszkascommitmenttothecentre.TheJFTCislosingaveryvaluablekey-leader.HiscontributionassuredverycloseandgoodrelationshipbetweenthecentreandtheHostNationPoland.AsarealsoldierwhogainedalotexperienceinleadershiphehighlycontributedtotheJFTCmissionandhissupporttotrainingeventsconductedbythecentrewasinvaluable.DuringhisserviceintheJFTChefilledinfortheJFTCCommanderandper-sonallydirectedorledmanyimportantexer-cisesandactivitiesorganizedbytheJFTCinBydgoszczorinotherlocations.SlovenianStudentsExploretheJFTCRepresentativesoftheSlovenianStudentAssociationofDefenceStudiesSSADSvisitedtheJointForceTrainingCentreJFTCon23April.Agroupof50studentsarrivedinBydgoszcztodeepentheirknowledgeregardingNATOanditssubcom-mandsandtoseehowtheBydgoszczNATOcentreworks.AttheJFTCtheymetalsowithstudentsandlecturersfromtheKazimierzWielkiUniversityUKW.Theeventtookplacebetween19and21February. AcademicGuestsattheJointForceTrainingCentreStudentsofthePolishNationalDefenceUniversityNDUandstudentsoftheDefenceStudiesattheKazimierzWielkiUniversityUKWinBydgoszczarrivedattheJFTCcompoundtolearnmoreabouttheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentreandtoseethefacilitywereNATOsoldierspre-parefortheirmissionsincludingtheoneinAfghanistan.On20MaymorethantenPolishofficersstudentsoftheDefencePolicyPostgraduateStudiesatthePolishNDUledbyBrigadierGeneralret.ZenonSmutniakthegroupcoordinatormetwithBrigadierGeneralWojciechGrabowskithenewJFTCLiaisonOfficertotheHostNationandwiththeJFTCstaff.Threedayslateron23MaystudentsoftheUKWDefenceStudiesvisitedtheJFTC.AgroupofsixtystudentsmetwithtwoofficersservingattheBydgoszczNATOtrainingcentre.TheofficersprovidedtheguestswithbackgroundknowledgeregardingthecentreandshowedthemtheauditoriumclassroomsaswellassometoolsthatareusedattheJFTCinsupportoftraining.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201353LifeattheJFTC2013inRetrospect 54TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November20136thPrimarySchoolNATOKnowledgeCompetitionWhyandwhenwasNATOestablishedandwhatdoesitssymbolrepresentWhatdoestheArticle5oftheWashingtonTreatymeanfortheAllianceWhoisthecurrentJFTCCommanderandwhatdoestheJFTCabbreviationstandforTheseareonlyfewexamplesofquestionsthatparticipantsoftheannualNATOKnowledgeCompetitionforPrimarySchoolsofBydgoszczhadtoface.ForthesixthtimeinarowtheJointForceTrainingCentresupportedtheevent.Closeto60participantsfrom10schoolsenteredthisyearscompetition.TheyrespondedtotheinvitationofthePrimarySchoolNo.38inBydgoszczthemainorga-nizeroftheeventandcametogripswithadifficultrivalry.Thefinalpartofthecompeti-tiontookplaceon3June. BastilleDayattheJFTCIthasalreadybecomeatraditionthateveryJulytheJFTCFrenchcommunityinvitesallBydgoszczNATOstafffortheBastilleDaycelebration.Soitwasthistime.Theeventtookplaceon19JulyfivedaysaftertheofficialFrenchcelebrationsandconsistedofaformalceremonyheldattheJFTCcompoundinthemorningwithabalpopulaireintheevening.Theformalmilitaryceremonygath-eredallcivilianandmilitaryJFTCpersonnel.ItwaschairedbythecentresCommanderMajorGeneralPavelMackowhoinhisspeechhighlightedtheimportanceofvaluesdisseminatedbytheFrenchRevolutionandtheirconnectiontothecurrentNATOmis-sion.IntheeveningtheJFTCmembersandguestsenjoyedthemselvesduringadeliciousbarbecuefilledwithgoodFrenchmusic.TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201355LifeattheJFTC2013inRetrospect 56TransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November2013SlovakContingentCelebratesNationalHoliday.Therearemanynationalholidayscel-ebratedattheJFTCbyitsmembernations.ForSlovaksSeptemberisspecialbecauseoftwoanniversaries.On1September2013Slovakscel-ebrated21stanniversaryoftheestablishmentoftheSlovakConstitutionwhichbecamethekeyplatformforformationofsovereigntyandindependence.TheConstitutionoftheSlovakRepublicisbasedupontherightofallnationsforselfdetermination.Baseduponourculturetraditionsandvaluesitguaranteeshumanrightsfreedomandequalopportunitiesforeveryone.Althoughthesecondeventisnotanationalholidayitisspecialforallmenandwomeninuniforms.On22SeptembertheSlovakArmedForcescelebratetheirday.TheDayoftheArmedForcesoftheSlovakRepublichasbeencelebratedinSlovakiasince1997.Itiscelebratedonthatparticu-lardaytocommemoratethe1stvictoryofSlovakvolunteersatBrezovapodBradlomintherevolutionaryyear1848whenthesup-pressedSlovaksstoodupagainstthepowerofAustro-HungarianEmpireregulararmyintheirfightforfreedomandindependence.ForthethirdconsecutiveyeartheSlovakcontingentattheJFTCcelebratedthetwoholidaystogetherwithothernationalcontingents.TheJFTCCommanderMajorGeneralPavelMackoinhisopeningspeechwelcomedguestsofhonorincludingSlovakAmbassadorH.E.VasilGrivnatheformerJFTCDeputyCommanderBrigadierGeneralret.GrzegorzBuszkaandmanyothers.TheCommanderexpressedhisgratitudeforcontinuossupporttotheJFTCmission.InhisspeechtheSeniorNationalRepresentativeColonelMiroslavFazikexplainedhistoricalcontextandbackgroundoftheevents.Ontheoccasionofthe20thAnniversaryofesta-bilishingtheSlovakArmedForcesselectedstaffofficerswereawardedcommemorativemedals.TheeventculminatedbyaSlovakreceptionwheresamplesofSlovaktraditionscultureandcuisinewereserved. GermanUnificationDaySpeechontheDayofGermanUnitybyColonelKlaus-PeterKieserGermanSeniorNationalRepresentativeattheJFTCThe3rdOctober2013marksthe23rdanniversaryofnationalunityfortheGermanpeople.TheGermansdecade-longdesireofovercomingtheriftwithinthecountryhadfinallybeenfulfilledinapeacefulmannersotheycouldliveinauniteddemocraticandsocialconstitutionalstateWhatwillneverbeforgotteniswhatthealliedforcesandPolandcontributedtoGermanunityandtoovercomingEuropesdivision.AlreadyasearlyasDecember1970formerFederalChancellorWilliBrandtopenedthenewdialogbyhisgestureofhumilityandpenanceinfrontoftheMonumenttotheWarsawGhettoHeroes.ThiswasavitalstepregardingGerman-Polishrelationships.ThepeacefulmassprotestsoftheSolidarnoscsolidaritymembersservedasarolemodelformanycourageousactivitiesintheformercountriesoftheWarsawPactculminatinginthecollapseoftheBerlinWall.Thankstothebraveattitudeofthepeoplechangeswerebroughtaboutleadingtothefallofcommunismandtotheneweraoffreedomandinnerpeaceformanynations.ThefalloftheBerlinWallinthiscontextbecamethesymbolofthefallofthementalwallwhichwasevenstrongerthanabrickwall.Theseeventsinseparablylinkedourbothnations.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatmanyarchitectsfromallovertheworldcon-tributedtoGermanunity.Letusnotforgetthecivilrightscam-paignerswhoinsistentlyopposedtoadicta-torship.Orthechurcheswhichgavesheltertothoseencouragedtoseekfreedom.Whatmanypeoplefeltatthetimewaschangemustbebroughtabout.AtthispointintimetheMondayprayersandMondaydemonstrationsbeganintheformereasternPartofGermany.Atfirstonlyfewthenmoreandmorebravepeopletooktothestreets.Theyfreedthemselvesfromdictatorship-withoutbloodshed.Thedesireofthepeopleforfreedomhadalwaysbeenontheirminds.Whathadbeenviolentlycrushedbytanksin1953wasfinallyunstop-pablein1989.Thisisthepeopleshistoricachievement.Theircouragestrucktheworld.WithouttheEuropeanfreedommove-mentstheGermanreunificationwouldnothavebeenconceivable.NotwithoutthePolishworkerswiththePolishPopebehindthescenesJohnPaulIIwhopreachedonsiteDontbeafraid.Solidarnoschasfoughteverybitforitsfreedomandthusforoursaswell.Iwouldliketoemphasizethisespe-ciallyhereinBydgoszczwhereSolidarnoschaditsmostcourageoussupporters.NotwithoutMikhailGorbachevwho-duringthecourseofglasnostandperestroi-ka-relinquishedtheSovietUnionsclaimtopowerdominatingothercountriesthusenablingself-determination.NotwithouttheHungariangovernmentthatwasthefirstonetoopenuptheirborders.AndaboveallnotwithoutthegreatbighelpfromourfriendsintheUSAFranceGreatBritainandtheoth-erswhothenhadexpressedtheirconfidencebyagreeingtothereunification.Therewereanxietiesandresistance.ManyaskedthemselvesthequestionofwhetheritwillgowellwhenentireGermanywillbeunitedagain.Whocouldblamethemgiventheaberrationshorrorsandcatastro-phesthatemanatedfromGermanyduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Far-sightedstatesmenhelpedtoover-comethefearsandresistanceandenabledlifeinpeacefreedomandself-determination.Forallofthisweareinfinitelygrateful.TodaysEuropeisthefulfillmentofthedreamsofmanygenerationsofEuropeans.Butitissomethingnottobetakenforgrant-ed.WehaveeveryreasontodefendthisEuropeaswellasthebasicvaluesofourstatesandgreatEuropeanculturalachieve-ment.ThisdifferentiatesourcontinentmorethananythingelsefromothercontinentsforitharborsvaluesthatmakeuptheEuropeanwayoflife.Letusallbeproudofwhathasbeenachieved.Butwearenotdoneyet.ItisimportanttopreservethefreedomandwhoshouldknowthisbetterthanweintheJFTC.ItisourdailytasktotrainsoldiersandNATOmembersinordertoenablethemtocontributetheirknowledgeandexperiencetowardssecuringpeaceandfreedomwhen-everandwhereveritmaybenecessary.Wemoveforwardwithcourageandconfidence.Thelast23yearshaveshownuswhatwearejointlycapableofachieving.TheGermanCommunityattheJFTClooksforwardtocelebratethisimportantmomentinthehistorywithallofyouduringtheGermanOktoberfest2013onthe29thofOctober.ToourcommonfutureTransformationThroughTrainingIssueNo4November201357 PUBLICATIONGUIDELINES1.ThearticlesshouldbesubmittedinEnglish2.Thearticlesshouldbe1000-5000wordslong3.ThearticlesshouldbedeliveredaselectronicfilesonaCDDVDtothefollowingaddressJointForceTrainingCentreul.Szubiska285-915BydgoszczPolandorsentviaane-mailtothefollowingaddresspaojftc.nato.int4.ThearticlesshouldbewritteninMicrosoftWordformatsingle-spacedTimesNewRomanfont12sizeA4papersize5.PhotossentasanillustrationforthearticlesshouldbesentinJPEGfilesminimum500KB6.Theauthorofthearticleshouldprovidetheeditorwithashortinformationabouthisprofessionacademictitleprofessionalaffiliationandcontactdetails.